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Biotechnology Principles and Processes Test - 23

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Biotechnology Principles and Processes Test - 23
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    DNA probe is used for
    Solution
    A probe is a radioactively labelled DNA variable length (usually 100-1000 bases long) that can then be used in DNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences (the DNA target) that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. The probes are used in DNA finger printing for identification of sample DNA fragments sorted by gel electrophoresis and southern blotting. The radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition thereby matching different DNA samples. Disease specific probes are used in antenatal diagnosis of presence of even a single gene defect in foetus. Probes specific to pathogenic bacteria are used for detection of presence of these pathogens in individuals. Correct answer is D.
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    DNA probe is used in 
    Solution
    A probe is a radioactively labelled  DNA variable length (usually 100-1000 bases long) that can then be used in DNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences (the DNA target) that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. The probes are used in DNA finger printing for identification of sample DNA fragments sorted by gel electrophoresis and southern blotting. The radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition thereby matching different DNA samples. Disease specific probes are used in antenatal diagnosis of presence of even a single gene defect in foetus. Probes specific to pathogenic bacteria are used for detection of presence of these pathogens in individuals. Correct answer is D.
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    The function of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is ?
    Solution
    Translation is the process of synthesis of protein using mRNA nucleotide sequence as template, it occurs in cytoplasm. Transcription is the process of mRNA synthesis using DNA coding strand as template, it occurs in nucleus. PCR is a technique to amplify the gene of interest in three steps namely denaturation of target DNA (thermal cycle to separate the DNA strands), annealing of primers to the ssDNA and polymerisation (extension of primer into complete DNA strand complementary to the template strand). After completion of one cycle of PCR, two copies of the target DNA are produced both of which serve as template for next PCR cycle and produce 4 copies. Hence, there is exponential amplification of DNA copies. Correct option is C.
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    DNA or RNA segment tagged with a radioactive molecule is called as a
    Solution
    The clone is a population of genetically identical individuals normally produced asexually or by vegetative reproduction. A plasmid is an extrachromosomal small DNA molecule which can replicate independently. They are mostly found in bacteria but are also present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. An engineered DNA molecule that can serve to carry foreign genetic material into another cell to facilitate the expression of the foreign gene, for example, plasmids, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. A probe is a radiolabeled single-stranded DNA/ RNA fragment used to search for a gene of interest or other DNA sequence. For the purpose, the base sequence of the probe is complementary to the target sequence to facilitate its base pairing with the target gene. The correct option is D.
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    Which one of the following hydrolyzes internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain?
    Solution
    Endonucleases are the enzymes which cleave the phosphodiester bonds in the internal regions of the polynucleotide chain (DNA or RNA). The exonucleases cleave the polynucleotide chains from one end. While the protease cleaves the proteins the lipases act on the lipids. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option C. 
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    First antibiotic was discovered in the year
    Solution
    Antibiotic production is major industrial application of microbes. Penicillin (the first antibiotic discovered) was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, while working on Staphylococcus bacteria, that he observed growing in one of his unwashed petri cultures. However, its full potential as effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey who got the noble prize in 1945 for this discovery.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    Kary B Mullis got Nobel prize for discovering 
    Solution

    DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes DNA strands by adding deoxyribonucleotides to 3' end of the primer via phosphodiester bonds; it uses parental DNA as a template. Kary Mullis got Nobel prize, in 1993 in chemistry, for the invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  PCR - technique amplify the gene of interest.

  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    Who discovered recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology?
    Solution
    S. Cohen and H. Boyer constructed the first recombinant DNA using antibiotic resistance genes present on the plasmid of drug resistance strains of E. coli. This gene was linked to the native plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium. Their work discovered rRNA technology as mulltistep process that includes cutting of DNA at precise locations using restriction endonucleases, selection of a small molecule of DNA that can self-replicate, called cloning vectors, insertion of DNA with gene of interest in vector DNA to make recombinant DNAs, insertion of recombinant DNA to a host cell that will provide the enzymatic machinery for DNA replication and selection of host cells that contain recombinant DNA. Option C is correct answer.
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    Transposon tagging has been effectively used for the gene cloning of 
    Solution
    Transposon tagging refers to molecular isolation of transposable elements from genes in which the element resides. It is done by identification a mutant plant stock in which mutation is because of insertion of the transposable element into the gene, the creation of its genomic library followed by the screening of library with a clone for the transposable element. The selected clones have mutated gene lying adjacent to the element and are used to develop subclone containing gene sequences. This clone is then used to screen a genomic library containing DNA from a normal plant. Transposon tagging has been done in maize and fruit fly using class II transposons which are characterized by the presence of inverted repeats at their ends and ability to synthesize transposase. Class I transposons are abundant in the human genome which are tagged for gene cloning. The correct answer is D.
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    The normal function for restriction endonuclease is to 
    Solution
    Restriction endonucleases recognise specific sequences in the DNA and digest the DNA into fragments by destroying the phosphodiester bonds. Hence, the restriction endonucleases are synthesised by bacteria as part of their defense mechanism which help in the cleavage of the DNA segments which are identified as foreign. The restriction sites are very short sequences and can be present in the genome of the bacteria. Its own DNA is protected from destruction by adding methyl groups to it. Certain bases in the strand of DNA of the bacteria are modified for getting protected against the activity of the enzymes.
    Thus, the correct option is C.
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