Biotechnology Principles and Processes Test

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Biotechnology Principles and Processes Test - 46

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Weekly Quiz Competition

Question 1
1 / -0

A device in which large volume of living cells are cultured in order to get a specific product is called

A
PCR

B
Agitator

C
Bioreactor

D
Assimilator
Solution
- A bioreactor is a device in which large volumes (100-1000 litres) of living cells are cultured to get a specific product.
- These are the vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted to specific products.
- It provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions such as pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen content and enzymes.
So, the correct option is 'Option C'.
Question 2
1 / -0

Which of the following is required to perform polymerase chain reaction?

A
Primers, dNTPs and DNA polymerase

B
DNA, Ca$$Cl_2$$ and nuclease

C
$$Mg^{+2}$$, DNABoth (a) and (c)

D
Both (a) and (c)

Solution

According to the components and relevant steps of Polymerase chain reaction, primers, dNTPs and DNA polymerase are used for DNA synthesis.
DNA is used as a template and Mg$$+$$ is necessary for DNA synthesis.
So the correct option is 'Both (a) and (c)'.
Question 3
1 / -0

Stirred-tank bioreactors have advantages over shake flasks because they _______________.

A
Provide high temperature and pH

B
Provide better aeration and mixing properties

C
Do not allow the entry of $$CO_2$$

D
Are easy to operate

Solution

Stirred-tank bioreactor is used for processing large volumes of culture. It is a cylindrical tank with a curved base to facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents. The stirrer facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor.
So, the correct option is 'Option B' .
Question 4
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After completion of the biosynthetic stage in the bioreactors, the product undergoes separation and purification processes, collectively termed as _______________.

A
Transformation

B
Electrophoresis

C
Downstream processing

D
Upstream processing

Solution

After the formation of the product in bioreactors, it undergoes through some processes before a finished product is ready for marketing. The processes include separation and purification of products which is collectively called as downstream processing.
So, the correct option is 'Option C'.
Question 5
1 / -0

The figure shows the restriction enzyme cutting sites (R1-R3) in wild type (n) and mutant ($$n^-$$) gene.
If a radioactively labelled probe (that hybridises at a sequence close to R1) is used for detecting the presence of DNA fragments after gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting, which of the following band patterns will your expect?Note: L1 : wild type DNA, L2 : mutant DNA

A

B

C

D

Solution

Restriction enzymes recognise the base sequence of palindrome sites in DNA duplex and cut its strands. After the cutting of DNA by restriction enzymes, fragments of DNA are formed. Separation of DNA fragments according to their size is done by gel electrophoresis. Since the probe hybridises close to R1 it will give 500 kb band for L1 and 400 kb band for L2 after gel electrophoresis.
So, the correct option is 'Option C'.
Question 6
1 / -0

The basic procedure involved in the synthesis of recombinant DNA molecule is depicted below. The mistake in the procedure is _______________.

A
Enzyme polymerase is not included

B
The mammalian DNA is shown double stranded

C
Two different restriction enzymes are used

D
Only one fragment is inserted

Solution

Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of the palindrome sites but between the same two bases of the opposite strands. This leaves single-stranded unpaired bases at cut ends. These ends with unpaired bases are called sticky ends or cohesive ends. The latter are named so because they form hydrogen bonds with their complementary cut counter parts. The sticky ends facilitate the action of the enzyme DNA ligase. Hence, the same restriction enzyme is used to create the same sticky ends which may further combine to produce a recombinant DNA molecule.
So, the correct option is 'Option C'.
Question 7
1 / -0

Select the incorrect Statement regarding DNA replication with respect to the template strand

A
Leading strand is formed in 5 $$\rightarrow$$ 3 direction.

B
Okazaki fragments are formed in 5 $$\rightarrow$$ 3 direction.

C
DNA polymerase catalyses polymerisation in 5 $$\rightarrow$$ 3 direction.

D
DNA polymerase catalyses palymerisation in 3 $$\rightarrow$$ 5 direction.

Solution

Since DNA polymerase requires a free 3' OH group for initiation of synthesis, it can synthesize in only one direction by extending the 3' end of the preexisting nucleotide chain. Hence, DNA polymerasemoves along the template strand in a 3'–5' direction, and the daughter strand is formed in a 5'–3' direction.
So, the correct answer is 'DNA polymerase catalyses polymerisation in 5
→ 3 direction'
Question 8
1 / -0

Which one of the following approaches comes under the category of biotechnology?

A
Use of modern technology to investigate biological disorders

B
Modernising the commercial industries to produce products for use in biological research

C
Use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes

D
Use of industrial technology to increase the biosphere

Solution

Biotechnology is the broad area of biology involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2). Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine. The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.
So the correct option is 'use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes'.
Question 9
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Bacteria genetically engineered to express a gene from a plant will

A
Synthesise a protein with the same sequence of amino acids as in the plant and, therefore, the protein will have the same structure and function as in the plant.

B
Synthesis a protein with essentially the same sequence of amino acids as in the plant with differences relating to different colon wobble rules between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

C
Not be able to synthesise a protein due to the presence of exon splicing sequences in the DNA sequence from the plant

D
Not be able to synthesise a protein because transaction is coupled with transaction and posttranscriptional processing does not occur in it.

Solution

When bacteria (a prokaryote) is engineered to express a gene from a plant (an eukaryote), a slightly different approach is used. Eukaryotic genes have both exons and Introns which are transcribed into the primary transcript. Primary transcript is then processed by splicing (removal of introns and joining of exons), capping and tailling to produce functional mRNAs. This functional mRNA is then expressed into proteins. Prokaryotes lack such machinery, hence expression of an eukaryotic DNA becomes difficult in prokaryotic cells. Therefore, scientists prepare cDNA from the functional nRNA (without introns) using reverse transcriptase. This DNA is incorporated into bacteria (or another prokaryotic cell) for expression of plant gene. Such foreign gene synthesises a protein with the same sequence of amino acids as in the plant, and therefore the proteins have the same structure and function as in the plant.
So, the correct answer is 'Synthesise a protein with the same sequence of amino acids as in the plant and, therefore, the protein will have the same structure and function as in the plant.'
Question 10
1 / -0

You discovered a novel eukaryotic organism that glows in the dark. You believe this trait is due to a single gene, and you wish to clone the gene. which of the following strategies is most likely to be successful?

A
Isolate the genomic DNA from the organism, digest with a restriction endonuclease, insert into a plasmid vector and transform into a plasmid

B
Isolate the genomic DNA from the organism, digest with a restriction endonuclease, insert into a plasmid vector and transform into bacteria. Screen colonies for for the ability to glow in the dark.

C
Isolate mRNA from the organism, reverse transcribe and generate cDNA, insert into a plasmid vector and transform into bacteria. Screen colonies for the ability to glow in the dark.

D
Isolate mRNA from the organism, reverse transcribe and genetate cDNA, Insert into a plasmid vector and transform into eukaryotic cells such as yeast. Screen colonies for the ability to glow in the dark.

Solution

As it is a eukaryotic gene, it is better to be incorporated in a eukaryotic cell. Digestion by restriction endonuclease is not possible as the gene is unidentified and is to be isolated and cloned. It is better and easier to identify the gene transcript, i.e., protein coding mRNA, reverse transcribe it to produce cDNA and then transferring this intron less cDNA into an eukaryotic cell like yeast through a plasmid vector.
So, the correct answer is 'Isolate mRNA from the organism, reverse transcribe and generate cDNA, Insert into a plasmid vector and transform into eukaryotic cells such as yeast. Screen colonies for the ability to glow in the dark'.