Biotechnology Principles and Processes Test - 62

Some bacteria from their population are able to grow in Streptomycin containing medium because they carry Streptomycin resistant  gene. These strains get selected in Streptomycin containing medium. Lederberg, by performing replica plating experiment, using the medium with Streptomycin antibiotic, demonstrated the process of selection of antibiotics resistant strains.

Karl Ereky coined the word biotechnology in Hungary. This discovery and the naming was done in the year 1917. The term biotechnology is the branch of science which deals with the application of biological techniques for human welfare. It involves the modification of genes by the enzymatic action which leads to the production of some biological entity like antibodies, vaccines etc which benefits the mankind. 

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most powerful technique that has been developed recently in the area of recombinant DNA research and is having an impact on many areas of molecular cloning and genetics. With this technique, a target sequence of DNA can be amplified a billion fold in several hours. This procedure has been applied to forensic analysis.

The National Institute of Virology (NIV) is a premier virus research laboratory in Pune. The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) is situated in New Delhi. It has been renamed as National Centre for Disease Control now. The Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) is a multidisciplinary research laboratory in Lucknow. The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) is an Indian Public health, Biotechnology and Translational research centre located in Hyderabad. 

Meiotic recombination is the result of crossover and independent assortment. Crossover is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair that generate new genetic combinations; option D is correct. Telomeres are the structures present at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes and have many tandem copies of a short oligonucleotide sequence with guanine residues in one strand and cytosine in the complementary strand. The G-rich strand has a few hundred nucleotides long overhang at the 3’ end which serves as the primer for its elongation by telomerase enzyme and thereby maintaining chromosome length; option A is incorrect. The independent assortment of non-homologous chromosomes during meiosis results in independent segregation of nonhomologous chromosomes; option B is incorrect. Centromere directs the formation of the kinetochore on its surface, a special protein structure that attaches to the microtubules in the mitotic spindle; option C is incorrect. The correct answer is D.

• Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA at specific locations based on the pattern of bases found at those locations.
• These enzymes predictably cut both strands because the sequences they recognize are palindromic. 
• Palindrome is a segment of double-stranded DNA in which the nucleotide sequence of one strand reads in reverse order to that of the complementary strand. 
   So, the correct answer is 'Palindromic nucleotide sequence'

• Industrial fermentation is the large-scale cultivation of microorganisms that are largely aerobic in nature. 
• The most important equipment in use for bio-processing is a fermenter or a bioreactor. 
• A bioreactor is a device in which the microorganisms are cultivated to form the desired products by maintaining optimum conditions for growth and metabolic activity. 
• A fermenter refers to the device used for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, e.g., bacteria, fungi, etc., whereas a bioreactor is used for biocatalysis and production of prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells. 
• It helps in the mass production of metabolites.

Correct Option: D

Restriction enzyme, type II, Hind II, from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae were discovered and characterized in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the molecular biologists Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith, and Daniel Nathans.