Biotechnology Principles and Processes Test - 7

A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward as forward. For example MALYALAM which read same from both side.

DNA ligase is a DNA-joining enzyme. If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, ligase can link them to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA.

In DNA cloning, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are used to insert genes and other pieces of DNA into plasmids.

The plasmid of bacteria replicate this DNA strands along with other which can be further transferred to target cells.

A thermocycler is a machine that is used for PCR. It can be set to run in patterns, heating and cooling the DNA samples. PCR involves denaturation, primer annealing and extension of primers.

Restriction enzymes are called molecular scissors as they are used to cut the DNA segments at specific points. There are two kinds of restriction enzymes exonucleases and endonucleases enzymes.

DNA is amplified by PCR as it can be used for to produce multiples copies of fragment DNA. These copies are used to produce recombinant DNA having desired traits.

The most common gel used for electrophoresis is agarose gel. Agarose gel is inert hence do not react with DNA or Protein. Agarose is a natural polymer obtained from sea weeds.

Sticky ends are formed in DNA segments if DNA is digested by EcoRI. Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of palindrome sites but between the same two bases on the opposite strands to form sticky ends.

Restriction enzymes, or restriction endonucleases, are enzymes specialized in the cutting of DNA fragments, which each have an effect on specific sites of the DNA molecule.

Restriction enzymes are used in recombinant DNA technology to obtain with pieces of DNA molecules with precision, which will later be inserted into other DNA molecules cut by the same enzymes.

The commonly used notation for restriction endonucleases is of the form "vwxyz", where "vwx" names the life form (bacteria) where this restriction endonuclease may be found, "y" names the strain (and is optional), and "z" (in Roman numerals) indicates different restriction endonucleases in the same life form (bacteria).

Thus for example, "EcoRI" means that the restriction endonuclease is found in Escherichia coli ("Eco"); strain RY13 ("R"), restriction endonuclease number "I".

Recombinant DNA is the general name for taking a piece of one DNA, and and combining it with another strand of DNA. Thus, the name recombinant! Recombinant DNA is also sometimes referred to as "chimera." By combining two or more different strands of DNA, scientists are able to create a new strand of DNA. The most common recombinant process involves combining the DNA of two different organisms