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Human Reproduction Test - 40

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Human Reproduction Test - 40
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    Meroblastic cleavage is a _______ division.
    Solution
    • The telolecithal eggs of reptiles and birds have very large amounts of yolk at the vegetal pole and only a small amount of cytoplasm concentrated at the animal pole. The yolk of such eggs never cleaves. 
    • Cell division is restricted to the blastodisc, the small (parietal) disc of cytoplasm at the animal pole; this type of cleavage is termed meroblastic cleavage. 
    • In birds and some reptiles, the blastomeres form two layers separated by the blastocoel cavity: an upper epiblast and a lower, thin layer of flat cells, the hypoblast.

    So, the correct answer is option B.
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    At the end of first meiotic division, male germ cell differentiates into
    Solution
    • In testis, the immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperms by spermatogenesis, that begins at puberty. 
    • The spermatogonia (singular spermatogonium) present on the inside wall of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers. 
    • Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes. Some of the spermatogonia are called primary spermatocytes, periodically undergo meiosis. 
    • A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to the formation of two equal haploid cells, called secondary spermatocytes, which have only 23 chromosomes each. 
    • The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids.
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    If the amount of yolk and its distribution are changed in the egg. Which one is affected?
    Solution
    Many animal eggs contain yolk, a mixture of proteins, phospholipids, and fats that serves as food for the developing embryo. The amount and distribution of yolk vary among different animal groups, depending on the needs of the embryo. 
    Mammalian eggs have very little yolk, because the embryo obtains maternal nutritional support throughout most of its development; whereas the eggs of birds and reptiles must contain sufficient yolk to sustain the embryo until hatching. 
    Echinoderm eggs typically need only enough yolk to nourish the embryo until it becomes a tiny larva capable of obtaining its own food. 
    Pattern of cleavage depends on the yolk and its distribution in the egg.
    Most invertebrates and simple chordates have isolecithal eggs with relatively small amounts of yolk uniformly distributed through the cytoplasm. 
    Isolecithal eggs divide completely; this is called as holoblastic cleavage. Many vertebrate eggs are telolecithal, meaning they have large amounts of yolk concentrated at one end of the cell, known as the vegetal pole. The opposite, more metabolically active, pole is the animal pole. The telolecithal eggs of reptiles and birds have very large amounts of yolk at the vegetal pole and only a small amount of cytoplasm concentrated at the animal pole.
    Thus, the correct option is (A).
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    Spiral and determinative cleavage is common amongst
    Solution
    Shortly after fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage, a series of rapid mitotic divisions with no period of growth, during each cell cycle. The pattern of cleavage is affected by the yolk content. In spiral cleavage, after the first two divisions, the plane of cytokinesis is diagonal to the polar axis. This results in a spiral, determinative arrangement of cells, with each cell located above and between the two underlying cells. This pattern is typical of annelids and molluscs.
    Thus, the correct option is (B).
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    During embryonic development, the formation of a neural tube is known as
    Solution
    The ectoderm, in addition to giving rise to the skin, also gives rise to the central nervous system. The process of neurulation forms the neural tube, a structure that runs along the anterior-posterior axis on the dorsal side of the embryo. This tube will eventually give rise to the brain, anteriorly, and the spinal cord, posteriorly.
    Neurogenesis is growth and development of nervous tissue.
    Notogenesis is the development of notochord.
    Thus, the correct option is (A).
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Type of cleavage in an egg is determined by
    Solution
    Pattern of embryonic cleavage is determined both by the position of the mitotic spindles and by the amount and distribution of yolk. Yolk tends to inhibit cleavage. It slows it down or actually prevents complete cleavage. Yolk is an adaptation of those animals that go through more or less of embryogenesis isolated from any food supply.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    Meroblastic cleavage takes place in
    Solution
    Meroblastic cleavage is incomplete or partial cleavage meaning it does not penetrate the egg completely. If egg yolk is bulky like in chick, it is difficult for the cleavage to take place, so egg which contains a high amount of yolk follows meroblastic cleavage. 
    So, the correct answer is 'Chick'.
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    Acrosome of spermatozoa is formed from
    Solution
    The acrosome is an organelle and a cap-like structure over the head of spermatozoa, derived from the Golgi apparatus. Acrosome formation is completed during testicular maturation and contains digestive enzymes which break down the outer membrane of the ovum. Hence, the correct answer is option B.
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    In which of the following mosaic cleavage occurs?
    Solution
    Determinate cleavage (also called mosaic cleavage) is in most protostomes. It results in the developmental fate of the cells being set early in the embryo development. Each blastomere produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. Echinococcus granulosus is a protostome animal belonging to phylum platyhelminthes.
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    At which stage of spermatogenesis, sperm acquire their whole structural maturity and they contain a haploid nucleus and other organs?
    Solution
    Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, in which the maturation of spermatids into mature and mobile spermatozoa takes place. The spermatid containing a haploid nucleus and other organelles, such as golgi apparatus, centriole, and mitochondria participates in the maturation of spermatids. 
    Hence, the correct answer is option A.
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