Human Reproduction Test - 88

The sperms produced in the seminiferous tubules are released by the vasa efferentia and opens into epididymis located along the posterior surface of each testis. The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascend to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder. It receives a duct from seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct. These ducts store and transport the sperms from the testis to the outside through urethra. 

Oral administration of small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations is a contraceptive method used by the females. They are used in the form of tablets and hence are popularly called the pills. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs), it has to be repeated in the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception. 

• Sertoli cell is the "nurse" cell of the testes and is located in the seminiferous tubule. 
• They are somatic cells located within the germinal epithelium. 
• Its main function is to nourish the developing sperms, hence called "nurse" cells.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The blastocyst is formed after 5-6 days of fertilization. It is composed of two types of cell with a central cavity. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the embryo. The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively called the trophoblast. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. The trophoblast gives rise to the placenta.

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads: the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy.
Menopause is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. It is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries ceases. The process of menopause does not occur overnight, but rather is a gradual process. 
At conception, gender is determined by chromosome characteristics and it will be the male (or rather the male's sperm) that dictates whether the baby will be a boy or a girl. Prior to conception, the unfertilized egg carries an X chromosome while the sperm can carry either an X or a Y chromosome. The gender of the baby comes down to one simple event. If the sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, a girl will be conceived. If the sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, a boy will be conceived.
A goitre is a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning properly.Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, usually seen in countries that do not use iodized salt. 

Menstruation, n simple words, is woman's monthly bleeding. When you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix and passes out of the body through the vagina (see how the menstrual cycle works below). Most menstrual periods last from 3 to 5 days.In the first half of the cycle, levels of estrogen (the female hormone) start to rise. Estrogen plays an important role in keeping you healthy, especially by helping you to build strong bones and to help keep them strong as you get older. Estrogen also makes the lining of the uterus (womb) grow and thicken. This lining of the womb is a place that will nourish the embryo if a pregnancy occurs. At the same time the lining of the womb is growing, an egg, or ovum, in one of the ovaries starts to mature. At about day 14 of an average 28-day cycle, the egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.
After the egg has left the ovary, it travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. Hormone levels rise and help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. A woman is most likely to get pregnant during the 3 days before or on the day of ovulation. Keep in mind, women with cycles that are shorter or longer than average may ovulate before or after day 14.
A woman becomes pregnant if the egg is fertilized by a mans sperm cell and attaches to the uterine wall. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break apart. Then, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period.

As it flows from 1 to 2, mother's blood which carries oxygen to the baby will release the oxygen. By the time it exits through 2, after passing through umblical cord of baby, it will contain more amount of carbon dioxide. It is produced as a result of respiration and metabolic processes of baby. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

If the egg does not get fertilized after ovulation, around 14$$^{th}$$ day, then the uterine lining is shed in the form of menses during the menstrual cycle which occurs every 28 days. If the egg is fertilized, the uterine lining grows in order to support the developing embryo.
In the diagram, the uterine wall thickness of woman Y starts decreasing after 14$$^{th}$$ day, meaning the egg has not been fertilized.
While, the wall thickness of woman X started increasing, meaning egg has been fertilized and she has conceived.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

The theory of recapitulation was given by Ernst Haeckel's. He described that in embryo development stage, animals go through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote ancestors. For example, the pharyngeal grooves between the pharyngeal arches in human embryo is resembled to gill slits of fish. Hence, the correct answer is option D.

Correct Option: C