Molecular Basis of Inheritance Test

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Test - 25

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Question 1
1 / -0

Genetic code determines

A
Structural pattern of an organism.

B
Sequence of amino acid in protein chain.

C
Variation in offsprings.

D
Consistency of morphological trait.

Solution

Genetic code determines sequence of amino acid in protein chain. The genetic code expresses in a way that 64 Codons constitute it, as it occurs in triplets. According to the genetic code, three bases must be employed to encode the 20 standard amino acids used by living cells to build proteins.
Question 2
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What would happen if in a gene encoding a polypeptide of 50 amino acids, 25$$^{th}$$ codon (UAU) is mutated to UAA?

A
A polypeptide of 24 amino acids will be formed.

B
Two polypeptides of 24 and 25 amino acids will be formed.

C
A polypeptide of 49 amino acids will be formed.

D
A polypeptide of 25 amino acids will be formed.

Solution

The process of translation requires transfer of genetic information from a polymer of nucleotides to a polymer of amino acids. The three letter nucleotide code of DNA and RNA is termed as codon. These are termed so since they code for amino acids by the ribosomes during the translation process. There are 64 codons in total in the genetic code of which 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 codons do not code for any amino acid and called as stop codons since protein synthesis terminated when stop codons are read. The codon is a triplet. UAA, UAG and UGA are the three stop codons. A gene is encoding a polypeptide of 50 amino acids implies that this gene has 51 codons where the 51st codon is a stop codon. Therefore, a protein of 50 amino acids is encoded. If 25th codon i.e., UAU coding for tyrosine is point mutated to UAA which is a stop codon, the protein formation process will stop here. Therefore, option A is correct
Question 3
1 / -0

Antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule means that

A
One strand turns anti-clockwise.

B
The phosphate groups of two DNA strands, at their ends, share the same position.

C
The phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in opposite position (pole).

D
One strand turns clockwise.
Solution
Correct Answer: C
Explanation:
Antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule means that the phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in opposite position (pole).
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is composed of two polynucleotide strands (the polymers of nucleotides), which forms what looks like a ladder.
The two polynucleotide strands run 'antiparallel' to each other, with nitrogenous bases projecting inwards.
The term 'antiparallel' means that the strands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another.
The antiparallel strands twist in a complete DNA structure, forming a double helix. It runs 3'-5' and 5'-3' linkage.
The 5' and 3' mean "five prime" and "three prime", which indicate the carbon numbers in the DNA's sugar backbone.
The 5' carbon has a phosphate group attached to it and the 3' carbon is a hydroxyl (-OH) group. This asymmetry gives a DNA strand a "direction".
Question 4
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Production of a human protein in bacteria by genetic engineering is possible because

A
Bacterial cell can carry out the RNA splicing reactions.

B
The mechanism of gene regulation is identical in humans and bacteria.

C
The human chromosome can replicate in bacterial cell.

D
The genetic code is universal.

Solution

Production of a human protein in bacteria by genetic engineering is possible because the genetic code is universal. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material that is the DNA or mRNA sequences which are translated into proteins by living cells. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.
Question 5
1 / -0

How many nucleotides in messenger RNA's sequence makes a codon for an amino acid?

A
Three

B
Four

C
One

D
Two

Solution

A sequence of three nucleotides in messenger RNA makes a codon for an amino acid. A codon is a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or the signal to stop protein synthesis. A codon is defined by the initial nucleotide from which translation starts.
Question 6
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During transcription, if the nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand that is being coded is ATACG, then the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA would be

A
TATGC

B
TCTGG

C
UAUGC

D
UATGC

Solution

During transcription, if the nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand that is being coded is ATACG, then the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA would be UAUGC because in RNA, the bases are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U). Adenine and guanine are purines, cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines. Purines and pyramidines form complimentary base pairs and this process is also called as complimentary base pairing.
Question 7
1 / -0

One turn of the helix in a B form DNA is approximately

A
20 nm

B
0.34 nm

C
3.4 nm

D
2 nm

Solution

Majority of DNA present in the cytoplasm of living cells exist in double helical structure as described by Watson and Crick. Watson and Crick proposed that DNA molecule is in the form of a double helix with two polynucleotide chains coiled around one another in a spiral. This is known as B-DNA or biological DNA.
It has 10 nucleotides pairs per turn of the double helix and is right handed with a diameter of 20$$\mathring A$$. One complete turn of the double helix is 34$$\mathring A$$.The distance between adjacent stacks or nucleotides is 3.4$$\mathring A$$.
Each chain has a sequence of oligonucleotides attached together by phosphodiester bonds joining the adjacent deoxyribose molecules. The two polynucleotide chains are helically coiled round one another with the help of hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases of opposite strands. The base pairing is specific: adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. Other forms of DNA are A-DNA found in high salt concentration or in dehydrated form with 11 nucleotide pairs per turn and is right handed, its diameter is 23 Z-DNA is left handed with 12 nucleotide pairs per turn. The length of DNA double helix in a typical mammalian cell is calculated comes out to be approximately 2.2metres (by multiplying the total number of bp with distance between two consecutive bp, i.e., 6.6million bp X 0.34 nanometer/bp.
Question 8
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The Okazaki fragments in DNA chain growth

A
Result in transcription.

B
Polymerize in the 3' - 5' direction and forms replication fork.

C
Prove semi-conservative nature of DNA replication.

D
Polymerize in the 5' - 3' direction and explain 3' - 5' DNA replication

Solution

Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. These fragments polymerize in the 5'-to-3' direction and explain 3'-to-5' DNA replication. DNA is synthesised from 5' to 3', thus when copying the 3' to 5' strand, replication is continuous. Phosphodiester links form between the 3' to 5' and nucleotides can be added with the aid of the enzyme DNA polymerase for the continuous leading strand. However, in order to synthesise the lagging strand (the replication fork which is travelling in the opposite direction) synthesis occurs in small sections.
Question 9
1 / -0

During transcription, the DNA site at which RNA polymerase binds is called as

A
Promoter

B
Regulator

C
Receptor

D
Enhancer
Solution
- Transcription is when RNA is made from DNA. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed.
- During transcription, the DNA site at which RNA polymerase binds is called a promoter.
- Transcription begins with binding of sigma factor proteins to the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, allowing it to bind to promoter DNA.
- RNA polymerase creates a transcription bubble, which separates the two strands of the DNA helix. This is done by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA nucleotides.
- Then RNA polymerase moves towards the transcription start site.
So, the correct answer is option A.
Question 10
1 / -0

During replication of a bacterial chromosome, DNA synthesis starts from a replication origin site from there

A
RNA primers are involved.

B
Is facilitated by telomerase.

C
Moves in one direction of the site.

D
Moves in bi-directional way.
Solution
A. Correct Answer-D
B. Explanation For The Correct Option

Unlike the linear DNA of vertebrates, typical bacterial chromosomes contain circular DNA.
The replication process starts at a site called the origin. But instead of replicating in one direction around the chromosome, it replicates in two directions. This is called bidirectional replication as two replication forks move in opposite directions away from the origin.
The forks will meet at the bottom of the chromosome and replication is terminated as the two chromosomes separate.
The bacterial chromosome is also capable of initiating multiple replication forks.

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Test - 25

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Test - 25

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Question 1

Structural pattern of an organism.

Sequence of amino acid in protein chain.

Variation in offsprings.

Consistency of morphological trait.

Solution

Question 2

A polypeptide of 24 amino acids will be formed.

Two polypeptides of 24 and 25 amino acids will be formed.

A polypeptide of 49 amino acids will be formed.

A polypeptide of 25 amino acids will be formed.

Solution

Question 3

One strand turns anti-clockwise.

The phosphate groups of two DNA strands, at their ends, share the same position.

The phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in opposite position (pole).

One strand turns clockwise.

Solution

Question 4

Bacterial cell can carry out the RNA splicing reactions.

The mechanism of gene regulation is identical in humans and bacteria.

The human chromosome can replicate in bacterial cell.

The genetic code is universal.

Solution

Question 5

Three

Four

One

Two

Solution

Question 6

TATGC

TCTGG

UAUGC

UATGC

Solution

Question 7

20 nm

0.34 nm

3.4 nm

2 nm

Solution

Question 8

Result in transcription.

Polymerize in the 3' - 5' direction and forms replication fork.

Prove semi-conservative nature of DNA replication.

Polymerize in the 5' - 3' direction and explain 3' - 5' DNA replication

Solution

Question 9

Promoter

Regulator

Receptor

Enhancer

Solution

Question 10

RNA primers are involved.

Is facilitated by telomerase.

Moves in one direction of the site.

Moves in bi-directional way.

Solution

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