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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Test - 50

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Test - 50
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    DNA polymerase enzyme is required for the synthesis of 
    Solution
    DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules from deoxynucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. It helps in DNA replication (DNA dependent DNA synthesis). This enzyme works in pairs to create two complementary DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.
    RNA from DNA (transcription) is synthesized by RNA polymerase.
    DNA from RNA is synthesized by reverse transcriptase enzyme in some viruses.
    So, the correct option is 'DNA from DNA'.
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    Identify the triplet codons which code for amino acids serine and proline.  
    (a) UCC (b) CCA (c) GGG (d) AAG. 
    The correct answer is
    Solution
    Amino acid serine is encoded by UCU, UCC, UCA and UCG; proline is encoded by CCU, CCC, CCA and CCG. Among the given options, serine and proline is encoded by UCC (a) and CCA (b) respectively. Correct answer is D. Codons GGG and AAG code for glycine and lysine respectively.
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    DNA is acidic in nature due to
    Solution
    DNA is a polymer of nucleotides which are made up of sugar, a nitrogenous base and phosphate moiety. DNA has four bases; two purines and two pyrimidines which are alkaline in nature; options B and D are incorrect. The two purines are namely adenine and guanine and two pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine. The nucleotide units of DNA contain 2’ deoxy-D-ribose sugar which is bonded to bases by glycosyl linkage and to phosphate by esterification that renders it non-acidic; option A is incorrect. The phosphate group in the DNA molecule is present as a phosphoric acid molecule which can donate two protons and is negatively charged (as the remaining proton is lost easily), thereby imparting acidic nature to DNA. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the the particular amino acid?
    Solution
    "AUG" is the most common start/initiation codon. It codes for methionine in eukaryotes and a modified-Met in prokaryotes. The start codon specifies the first codon of mRNA transcript that is translated by a ribosome but ACG codes for threonine which makes option A wrong. Triplets UUA codes for leucine but UCA codes for serine which makes option B wrong. Triplets GUU codes for valine which makes option C wrong. UGA (opal) and UAG (amber) are stop codons that cause termination of protein synthesis and do not code for any amino acid. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option D.
  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    Anitcodon is present on
    Solution
    All tRNAs have about 73 to 93 nucleotides that fold into four base-paired stems and three loops, a structure which looks like a clover leaf in secondary structure. it is "L" shaped in three-dimensional structure. The anticodon loop has triplet at the tip which base pairs with the corresponding codon in mRNA; option C is incorrect. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are structural constituents of ribosomes that provide the site for proteins synthesis; option A is wrong. Mitochondrial RNAs are a linear polymer, are transcribed from mitochondrial DNA and are translated in mitochondria itself. mRNA is the linear polymer of ribonucleotides which specify the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides; a set of three nucleotides forms a codon which in turn specifies a particular amino acid. Thus, the correct answer is C.
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Enzyme responsible for DNA chain elongation is
    Solution
    DNA polymerase II has 5’ to 3’ polymerization activity and 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity and is mainly involved in DNA repair which makes option A incorrect. DNA polymerase III is a heteroenzyme with 10 subunits and has both 5’ to 3’ polymerization and 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity. The gamma and epsilon subunits impart processivity, the ability to remain on the template and not to dissociate and reassociate, which in turn allow it to carry out primer elongation which makes option D correct. DNA ligase enzyme joins two DNA fragments together via phosphodiester bond between 3’ hydroxyl at the end of one fragment and a 5’ phosphate at the end of another fragment; it does not polymerise DNA which makes option B incorrect. RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, the 5S rRNA, and some other small specialized RNAs which makes option C incorrect.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    DNA strands are anti-parallel because of
    Solution
    There are two strands of DNA which run in anti-parallel directions and forms a helix. The two strands are held with each other due to the complementary base pairing. There are hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases in which A binds to T and G binds to C, and vice versa.
    Thus, the correct answer is option A. 
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    DNA replication requires
    Solution
    RNA polymerase serves as primase during DNA replication and synthesizes RNA/DNA primer which is a stranded segment (complementary to the template) and has a free 3’ hydroxyl group to facilitate the addition of deoxyribonucleotides by DNA polymerase enzyme. DNA polymerase is polymerizing enzyme that has 5’ to 3’ polymerization and 3’ to 5’ exonuclease proofreading activities; it adds deoxyribonucleotides to free 3’ hydroxyl group of primer to synthesize new DNA strands. DNA ligase enzyme joins two Okazaki fragments together via phosphodiester bond between 3' hydroxyl at the end of one fragment and a 5' phosphate at the end of another fragment. Thus, option D is the correct answer. 
  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    What is the DNA strand on which a new DNA is synthesised?
    Solution
    The DNA helix is composed of two strands. During replication, the strands separate and the new strands are formed on the original strands which are known as the template strands. One of the strand remains the older and one new strand is synthesized and the process is known as semi-conservative. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    DNA replication is
    Solution
    Replication is semiconservative because the new daughter DNA synthesized is composed of one parent DNA and one newly synthesized complementary strand of that molecule.
    Semi-discontinuous because during replication there are 2 complementary strands synthesized that run anti-parallel. The DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to a 3' end. This results in one strand synthesized continuously, called leading strand and the other synthesized discontinuously, called lagging strands.
    So, the correct option is 'Semidiscontinuous and semiconservative'.
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