Evolution Test - 33

Darwin's finches were all evolved from a single variety of bird due to the availability of different variety of food. In order to survive themselves, the birds developed various modifications in their beaks from a single original beak type which means adaptive radiation or adaptation with response to the changing environmental conditions. 

There are at least twelve distinct hypotheses as to how and why bipedalism evolved in humans, and also some debate as to when. Bipedalism evolved well before the large human brain or the development of stone tools. Bipedal specializations are found in Australopithecus fossils from 4.2-3.9 million years ago. The evolution of bipedalism was accompanied by significant evolutions in the spine including the forward movement in position of the foramen magnum, where the spinal cord leaves the cranium. Recent evidence regarding modern human sexual dimorphism (physical differences between male and female) in the lumbar spine has been seen in pre-modern primates such as Australopithecus africanus. This dimorphism has been seen as an evolutionary adaptation of females to bear lumbar load better during pregnancy, an adaptation that non-bipedal primates would not need to make. Adapting bipedalism would have required less shoulder stability, which allowed the shoulder and other limbs to become more independent of each other and adapt for specific suspensory behaviors. In addition to the change in shoulder stability, changing locomotion would have increased the demand for shoulder mobility, which would have propelled the evolution of bipedalism forward. 

Java man walked erect and lived in palaeolithic age -- the age of tools of stones and bones.

Cro-Magnon is a common name that has been used to describe the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens) of the European Upper Paleolithic. Current scientific literature prefers the term European early modern humans (EEMH), to the term 'Cro-Magnon,' which has no formal taxonomic status, as it refers neither to a species or subspecies nor to an archaeological phase or culture. The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiocarbon dated to 43,000 years before present. Cro magnon were carnivorous and not herbivorous, frugivorous and sanguivorous. Like Neanderthals, the Cro-Magnons were primarily big-game hunters, killing mammoth, cave bears, horses and reindeer. They hunted with spears and with javelins and atlatl. Bow and arrow had not yet been invented. They would have been nomadic or semi-nomadic, following the annual migration of their prey but were less carnivorous than Neanderthals and also ate plant materials. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period in mesozoic era (it is lasted about 180 million years and is divided into three periods, the Triassic, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous.) 231.4 million years ago, and were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for 135 million years until the end of the cretaceous period

Homo erectus erectus is the zoological name of Java man. It is the early human fossils discovered on the island of Java (Indonesia) in 1891 and 1892. It was discovered by Dutch scientist Eugene Dubois. The skull was characterized by thick bones and a retreating forehead and no chin, as well as protruding brow ridges and a massive jaw. With 900 cm, his cranial capacity was smaller than that of later H. erectus specimens. 

The Cenozoic Era is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and covering the period from 66 million years ago to the present. The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals, because the extinction of many groups allowed mammals to greatly diversify. It is also called as age of man. Thus, option A is correct. 

Solo Man (Homo erectus soloensis), was formerly classified as Homo sapiens soloensis and is now regarded as a subspecies of the extinct hominin, Homo erectus. Discovered between 1931 and 1933 by Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald, the only known specimens of this anomalous hominid were retrieved from sites along the Bengawan Solo River, on the Indonesian island of Java. The remains are also commonly referred to as Ngandong, after the village near where they were first recovered. 

Many people would say it's the close genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees. Proponents of the evolutionary paradigm assert that the structure of human chromosome 2 provides axiomatic evidence that humans evolved from a shared ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes differing in size and shape. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes, chimpanzees and other apes have 48. When exposed to certain dyes, chromosomes will stain in unique ways yielding a pattern of bands along their length. The bands vary in number, location, thickness and intensity. And the unique banding profile of each chromosome helps geneticists identify them under a microscope. In the early 1980s, evolutionary biologists compared the chromosomes of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. These studies revealed an exceptional degree of similarity between human and chimp chromosomes. When aligned, the human and corresponding chimpanzee chromosomes display near-identical banding patterns, band locations, band size, and band stain intensity. To evolutionary biologists, this resemblance reveals powerful evidence for human and chimpanzee shared ancestry. So, the closest relative of modern day man is considered to be chimpanzee compared to orangutan, apes and gibbon.