Evolution Test

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Evolution Test - 45

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Weekly Quiz Competition

Question 1
1 / -0

Which of the following factors influences the process of adaptive radiation resulting in rapid speciation the least?

A
Genetic drift.

B
Migration to a new area with appropriate resources and few competitors.

C
Ecological niches vacated by extinction.

D
The adaptive radiation in a group of organisms that another group of organisms use as a food source.

Solution

Genetic drift is a sudden alteration in the frequency of an allele due to a natural calamity. Where a certain variation may out number the other. Adaptive radiation is a gradual process to optimally utilize the resources in a habitat, to prevent extinction due to competition
So, the correct answer is 'genetic drift'
Question 2
1 / -0

There are several compelling pieces of scientific evidence that support the occurrence of evolution. Answer the following questions using the choices provided. Each of the following terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
The presence of cytochrome P450 in all living organisms, as well as DNA and RNA are examples of this type of evidence for evolution.

A
Biochemical evidence

B
Analogous structures

C
Biogeography

D
Fossil record

E
Homologous structures

Solution

A. Biochemical evidence is the evidence that are obtained from biochemical studies of an organism.
B. Analogous structures are the structures that have different basic structure but perform same functions.
C. Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of life forms on earth.
D. Fossil record is the evolutionary information retrieved from the fossils of animals and plants.
E. Homologous structures are the structures that have same basic structure but perform different functions.
Since, P450, DNA and RNA are the biochemical molecules, so they will be included under biochemical evidence.
So, the correct answer is 'Biochemical evidence'.
Question 3
1 / -0

According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, which of the following represents the organisms possessing the dominant phenotype in a population?

A
$$p^2$$

B
$$ 2pq $$

C
$$p^2 + 2pq $$

D
$$ 2pq + q^2$$

E
$$q^2$$

Solution

The Hardy-Weinberg law or Hardy-Weinberg theorem or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is the fundamental law of population genetics which provides the basis for studying the Mendelian populations. This law was independently developed by GH Hardy, an English mathematician and G Weinberg, a German physician in 1908. This law states that genes and genotypic frequencies in a mendelian population remain constant generation after generation, if there is no selection, mutation, migration or random drift.
Hardy-Weinberg principle gives the geneticists a tool to determine when evolution is occurring. It uses the binomial expression p² + 2pq + q² to calculate the genotypic and allele frequencies of a population.
where, p² = % homozygous dominant individuals
   p = frequency of dominant allele
          q² = % homozygous recessive individuals
   q = frequency of recessive allele
   2pq = % heterozygous individuals
Hence the organisms possessing the dominant phenotype in a population are represented by p².
So, the correct answer is 'p²'.
Question 4
1 / -0

The ability to taste the bitter chemical PTC is inherited as a simple dominant trait. In a population of 1000 biology students, 640 of them are PTC tasters. What proportion of this population are non-tasters?

A
0.64

B
0.08

C
0.06

D
0.36

E
0.42

Solution

Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tasting is a trait governed by a pair of alleles, where dominant T is for tasting and recessive t is for non-tasting. The ability to taste the bitter chemical PTC is inherited as a simple dominant trait. TT and Tt are tasters and tt are non-tasters.
If the total population is of 1000, and 640 are tasters. It means that 360 are non-tasters.
So, the correct answer is option D.
Question 5
1 / -0

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles (A and a) that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A is 0.2.
What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for these allele?

A
$$0.32$$

B
$$4$$

C
$$16$$

D
$$32$$

Solution

Answer is option D i.e. "32"
According to Hardy-Weinberg equation, the sum of allele frequencies for all the alleles at the locus must be 1, so p + q = 1. Also, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is expressed as: p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1;
where p is the frequency of the "A" allele and q is the frequency of the "a" allele in the population.
In the equation, p^2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q^2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.
Here, q = 0.2. Hence, p = `1- q = 1 - 0.2 = 0.8.
Now, population of heterozygous individual will be 2pq as mentioned, that is 2 * 0.8 * 0.2 = 0.32.
It means, there is 32% of the heterozygous population.
Question 6
1 / -0

Which of the following will lead to a change in the allele frequencies of a population?

A
Members of a population of honeycreepers (birds) are localized to one particular island in Hawaii.

B
Fruit flies in a population mate at random.

C
A population of chipmunks in a forest is separated from other populations of chipmunks by a large grove of trees.

D
A population of rats numbers in the hundreds of millions.

E
A population of squirrels is sharply reduced in size by a parasite.

Solution

The Hardy-Weinberg law or Hardy-Weinberg theorem or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is the fundamental law of population genetics which provides the basis for studying the Mendelian populations. This law was independently developed by GH Hardy, an English mathematician and G Weinberg, a German physician in 1908. This law states that genes and genotypic frequencies in a mendelian population remain constant generation after generation, if there is no selection, mutation, migration or random drift.
Thus the original proportions of the genotype in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, as long as the following assumptions are met:
1. The population size is very large.
2. No genes are input from other sources i.e. no gene flow takes place.
3. No mutation takes place.
4. No natural selection occurs.
5. Random mating is occurring.
Among all the options, option A is against the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg law as this is showing that the population is not large. Hence, the allele frequencies will change.
So, the correct answer is 'Members of a population of honeycreepers (birds) are localized to one particular island in Hawaii'.
Question 7
1 / -0

The wing of a bat and the human arm both possess a radius, an ulna and phalanges. Which of the following mechanism is most responsible for this structural similarity?

A
Divergent evolution

B
Adaptive radiation

C
Directional selection

D
Convergent evolution

E
Stabilizing selection

Solution

A. Divergent evolution is a process in which same basic organ becomes adapted by specialisation to different functions. For example, wing of a bat and the human arm. Both possess a radius, an ulna and phalanges i.e. their basic structure is same but they perform different functions. Hence, they are homologous organs.
B. Adaptive radiation is the development of different functional structures from a common ancestral form. When a group of organisms share a homologous structure that is specialized to perform a variety of functions, it shows adaptive radiation. For example, Darwin's finches of Galapagos islands had common ancestors whose beaks were modified according to their feeding habits.
C. Directional selection occurs whenever the environment changes in a particular way and, therefore, is a selective pressure for species to change in response to the environmental change. For example, industrial melanism. Industrial melanism is a phenomenon shown by light coloured peppered moth (Biston betularia typica) and dark coloured moth (Biston betularia carbonaria). It is a evolutionary process in which darker individuals predominate over lighter individuals since the industrial revolution is a result of natural selection.
D. Convergent evolution is a process during which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to common environmental conditions. Hence, analogous organs are formed which have different basic structure but perform similar functions. For example, insect wings and birds wings.
E. Stabilizing selection occurs when the environment does not change. Natural selection has to produce change and if an environment does not change there is no pressure for well-adapted species to change. Fossil evidences suggest that many species remain unchanged for long periods of geological time.

So, the correct answer is Divergent evolution.
Question 8
1 / -0

For a particular trait, the frequency of the dominant allele is found to be p = .3.
What is the frequency of heterozygotes present in this population?

A
0.21

B
0.42

C
0.03

D
0.07000000000000001

E
0.49

Solution

According to Hardy-Weinberg equation
p + q = 1.0
p- the frequency of the dominant allele (represented as A)
q- the frequency of the recessive allele (represented as a)
p = 0.3
Hence 0.3 + q = 1
Therefore q = 0.7
For a population in genetic equilibrium:
(p + q)$$^2$$ = 1
p$$^2$$ + 2pq + q$$^2$$ = 1
p$$^2$$ = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant)
2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
q$$^2$$ = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)
Hence,
0.362 + 2pq + 0.7$$^2$$ = 1
2pq = 0.42
Hence the frequency of heterozygotes present in this population is 0.42.
Thus the correct answer is option B.
Question 9
1 / -0

Theory of origin of life was proposed by :

A
Tansley

B
Oparin

C
Darwin

D
Malthus
Question 10
1 / -0

When environmental change occurs, multiple new niches become available. Organisms in this changing environment will undergo rapid change to fill these new niches.
This process is known as

A
Diversifying selection

B
Allopatric speciation

C
Adaptive radiation

D
Directional selection

E
Convergent evolution

Solution

A. Diversifying selection is also known as disruptive selection. It occurs where an environmental change may produce selection pressure that favours two extreme characteristics. For example, grass plant on welsh copper mines. Contaminated soil containing copper is lethal to normal grass plants but a chance mutation allowed one plant to grow. This plant prospered and reproduced but only on the contaminated soil. On normal soil, it grew more slowly than normal plants and was easily out competed.
B. Changing climate may isolate population on mountain peaks or in remnant lakes, or rare migrants may colonise new areas such as the Galapagos and Hawaiian islands. This geographic isolation is termed as allopatry and gives rise to allopatric speciation.
C. Adaptive radiation is a special evolutionary pattern characterised by rapid increase in the numbers of kinds of closely related species. It results in an evolutionary explosion of new species from a common ancestor. For example, Darwin's finches.
D. Directional selection occurs whenever the environment changes in a particular way and therefore, is a selective pressure for species to change in response to the environmental change. For example industrial melanism. Industrial melanism is a phenomenon shown by light coloured peppered moth (Biston betularia typica) and dark coloured moth (Biston betularia carbonaria). It is a evolutionary process in which darker individuals predominate over lighter individuals since the industrial revolution is a result of natural selection.
E. Convergent evolution is a process during which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to common environmental conditions. Hence, analogous organs are formed which have different basic structure but perform similar functions. For example, insect wings and birds wings.
Hence, when the organisms undergo changes to fill the new niches formed by changes in environment, the process is termed as adaptive radiation.
So, the correct answer is 'Adaptive radiation'.

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Evolution Test - 45

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Question 1

Genetic drift.

Migration to a new area with appropriate resources and few competitors.

Ecological niches vacated by extinction.

The adaptive radiation in a group of organisms that another group of organisms use as a food source.

Solution

Question 2

Biochemical evidence

Analogous structures

Biogeography

Fossil record

Homologous structures

Solution

Question 3

$$p^2$$

$$ 2pq $$

$$p^2 + 2pq $$

$$ 2pq + q^2$$

$$q^2$$

Solution

Question 4

0.64

0.08

0.06

0.36

0.42

Solution

Question 5

$$0.32$$

$$4$$

$$16$$

$$32$$

Solution

Question 6

Members of a population of honeycreepers (birds) are localized to one particular island in Hawaii.

Fruit flies in a population mate at random.

A population of chipmunks in a forest is separated from other populations of chipmunks by a large grove of trees.

A population of rats numbers in the hundreds of millions.

A population of squirrels is sharply reduced in size by a parasite.

Solution

Question 7

Divergent evolution

Adaptive radiation

Directional selection

Convergent evolution

Stabilizing selection

Solution

Question 8

0.21

0.42

0.03

0.07000000000000001

0.49

Solution

Question 9

Tansley

Oparin

Darwin

Malthus

Question 10

Diversifying selection

Allopatric speciation

Adaptive radiation

Directional selection

Convergent evolution

Solution

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