Evolution Test - 8

The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to knowing whether or not a population is evolving or not. This equation is represented as p² + 2pq + q² = 1.

In the equation, p² represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q² represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.

Convergent evolution is different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Analogous organs are example of convergent evolution. Tendril of plants is example of these kinds of evolution.

Disturbance in genetic equilibrium in a population is due to evolution. Evolution occurs due to variation and natural selection. Variation is due to change in alleles.

The source of variation includes the mutation, crossing over during cell division and inherited genetic traits may also change due to mutation to create variation.

The organism surviving in industrial area having polluted soil, air and water undergo changes in skin colour and other traits to adjust in given surroundings. This is a type of natural selection.

convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

Analogous organs are example of convergent evolution.

In England, the places where industrialization is more, peppered moth which was originally white coloured have become dark coloured as dominant due inheritance of darker color character acquired due to the darker environment.

Phylogenetic trees shows links between organisms that show branching pattern of evolutionary relationship. In this pattern, the organism that evolves earlier is shown below and further sub branching represent newly evolved organisms.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot be disturbed by vegetative propagation as the all new offspring are clone of each other having same gene. Migration, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection affect the equilibrium of alleles in a population.