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Evolution Test - 86

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Evolution Test - 86
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  • Question 1
    1 / -0
    Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are examples for 
    Solution
    Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are examples of homologous organs. They arise from the axillary buds. they perform different types of functions. The thorn is for providing protection against the grazing animals. The tendrils help in providing support while climbing. They are anatomically similar. But the functions are different. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option C. 
  • Question 2
    1 / -0
    Identify the correct equation for Hardy-Weinberg law.
    Solution
    The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, which states that the amount of genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. When there are two alleles of a gene in a population, the frequencies are described as:
    p + q = 1
    Where p is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population and q is the frequency of the recessive allele. 
    So, the correct answer is option A.
  • Question 3
    1 / -0
    Lake Victoria is home to hundreds of species of cichlids, a brightly colored variety of freshwater fish commonly kept as an aquarium pet. Each species has slightly different diets, behaviors, and habitats within the lake.
    These fishes likely diverged from a common ancestor as the result of 
    Solution
    A. Sexual selection is an evolutionary model that explains the selection of mates by organisms.
    B. Convergent evolution is a process during which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to common environmental conditions.
    C. Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies over the generation. In small populations frequencies of particular alleles may change drastically by chance alone. Such changes occur randomly as if frequencies were drifting and thus, are known as genetic drift.
    D. Gene flow is the movement of alleles from one population to another, as a result of interbreeding between the members of two populations.
    E. Isolation is condition when an organism is in the state of being isolated. 
    Hence  the species that have slightly different diets, behaviours, and habitats within the lake, diverged from a common ancestor as a result of Convergent evolution.
    So, the correct answer is 'Convergent evolution'.
  • Question 4
    1 / -0
    The CCR5 gene codes for a protein on the surface of T cells. The CCR5 protein is used by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to enter T cells, which ultimately leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS was first reported in the European population in the early 1980s.
    About 3000 years ago in Central-Western Europe a mutation occurred that prevents normal expression of the surface protein. People with one copy of the mutated allele have delayed onset of AIDS. Homozygotes for the mutation are resistant to HIV infection.
    Evidence suggests that the trait also protects individuals from the smallpox virus. Smallpox was common in the European population from the Middle Ages until the early 1900s, causing several major epidemics with high death rates. It was eradicated through widespread vaccination.

    The frequency of the allele is 16% in Scandinavia and 4% in Greece. What are the expected frequencies of HIV-resistant individuals in each population and which evolutionary explanation for the difference is most plausible?
    Solution
    The frequency of the dominant allele is p$$^2$$, as the allele is able to express itself in heterozygous condition
    The allele also gives resistance to chicken pox
    The probable reason for the increase in the number of alleles in the Scandinavian population is small pox infection, as this allele also protected the individuals from small pox, other than being resistant to HIV 
    The frequency of the allele in Scandinavian population is 16%
    Being a dominant allele the frequency is (0.16)$$^2$$ = .0256 
    and in Greece, the frequency of the allele is (.04)$$^2$$ = 0.0016
    So, the correct answer is ' The frequency of resistant individuals is expected to be .0256 in Scandinavia and .0016 in Greece. Higher rates of smallpox infections in Scandinavia created a selection pressure for the resistance allele'                                                                             



  • Question 5
    1 / -0
    At a particular locus, frequency of '$$A$$' allele is $$0.6$$ and that of '$$a$$' is $$0.4$$. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes in a randomly mating population of equilibrium?
    Solution
    Hardy-Weinberg equation is $$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$$. Here p is the frequency of the "A" allele and q is the frequency of the "a" allele in the population. Hence, frequency of heterozygous genotype= 2pq= 2 x 0.6 x 0.4= 0.48. So, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 6
    1 / -0
    Theory of germplasm was given by
    Solution
    Germplasm theory was proposed by A Weismann (1834-1914). According to this theory, a human body is made up of somatoplasm and germplasm. Somatoplasm is the tissue that unable to transfer the information from one generation to next generation while germplasm can transmit information from one generation to next generation because they enter into the germ cell.
  • Question 7
    1 / -0
    During which geological period of evolution did the greatest diversification of life occurred on the earth?
    Solution
    • The Cambrian period, occurring between approximately 542–488 million years ago, marks the most rapid evolution of new animal phyla and animal diversity in Earth’s history. 
    • It is believed that most of the animal phyla in existence today had their origins during this time, often referred to as the Cambrian explosion. 
    • Echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and chordates arose during this period. 
    • One of the most dominant species during the Cambrian period was the trilobite, an arthropod that was among the first animals to exhibit a sense of vision. 
    • The vast diversification of animal species that appears to have begun during the Cambrian period continued well into the following Ordovician period. 
    Thus, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 8
    1 / -0
    9% of Hardy-Weinberg population of 800 individual recessives. How many of this population are heterozygous?
    Solution

    According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the sum of the allele frequencies for all the alleles at the locus must be 1, so p + q = 1. Also, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is expressed as: p$$^2$$ + 2pq +q$$^2$$ = 1 where p is the frequency of the "A" allele and q is the frequency of the "a" allele in the population. In the equation, p$$^2$$ represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q$$^2$$ represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa. Here, q$$^2$$ = 9% = 0.9. From this, q = 0.3. Hence, p = `1- q = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7. Now, population of heterozygous individual will be 2pq as mentioned, that is 2 * 0.7 * 0.3 = 0.42. It means, there is 42% of the heterozygous population. So, from 800 individuals, there will be 800 * 42 /100 = 336  individuals will have heterozygous genotype. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

  • Question 9
    1 / -0
    Which process of inheritance is in violation of Hardy-Weinberg law?
    Solution
    • The Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences likes mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow.
    • Genetic drift is also known as Sewall Wright effect. It deals with the fluctuation in the gene frequency in a small population. 
    • Smaller the population, larger will be the fluctuation in gene frequency considering the population to be a random non-mating one. 
    • The fluctuation in the gene frequency takes place purely by chance and it is a major cause of variation.
    • So, the correct answer is option C.
  • Question 10
    1 / -0
    All plants and animals were created and perpetuated themselves without any change, is the theory of genesis given by
    Solution
    All plants and animals were created and perpetuated themselves without any change, is the theory of genesis given by Hulton. Theory of genesis is also known as theory of eternity of life. So, the correct answer is option A.
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