Evolution Test - 93

In adaptive radiation, many different species evolve from a single ancestor species. Each new species evolves to exploit a different niche, such as food source. For example, Hawaiian honeycreepers evolved a range of bill forms in response to available food sources on the Hawaiian archipelago.

Adaptive radiation is the relatively fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor. Darwin's finches are a classic example of adaptive radiation. Their common ancestor arrived on the Galapagos about two million years ago. During the time that has passed Darwin's finches have evolved into 15 recognized species differing in body size, beak shape, song and feeding behavior. Changes in the size and form of the beak have enabled different species to utilize different food resources such as insects, seeds, nectar from cactus flowers as well as blood from iguanas.

1. Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic speciation, is speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated due to geographical changes such as mountain building or social changes such as emigration.
   
2. The cladistic species concept defines species as the group of organisms between two speciation events, or between one speciation event and one extinction event, or (for living species) that are descended from a speciation event.
   
3. Instantaneous speciation refers to the “Sudden/Abrupt development of new species”, which is reproductively and ecologically isolated from the parental species.

So the correct option is D, all of these.

P, Q , R, S cannot be identified in the image

Let's start with the basic Hardy-Weinberg equations first.
$p+q=1$ and $p^2+2pq+q^2=1$
With "p" being the dominant allele and "q" being the recessive allele

We know that 16% (or 0.16) show the recessive trait. This means that the fraction of the population with the recessive trait, $q^2$, is 0.16.

If 16% of the population shows the recessive trait, then that figure (16%) accounts for all the homozygous (hh) recessive individuals in that population.

This is one of most classical cases of applying a quadratic equation to the life sciences. One must also understand that this is a classical “Mendelian” genetics problem.

Heterozygyous individuals (Hh) [inferably] do not express the homozygous recessive condition for this particular allele, but follow a traditional dominant expression. Classical genetics relies on these formally declared values.

The remaining 84% of the population does not show for the recessive trait.

From H-W equation, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0 (equilibrium)

0.0256 sqrt = 0.16 // 16% hh

1 - 0.16 = 0.84 (84%) sq = 0.7056 // (84%) dominant.

So, the correct option is 'Option A'.

A gene pool is the collection of different genes within an interbreeding population. The gene pool usually refers to the sum of all the alleles at all of the loci within the genes of a population of a single species.

Allopatric isolation: When a population, formerly continuous in range, splits into two or more geographically isolated populations and form new species. Such a mode of speciation is called allopatric speciation. This can happen by subdivision of the original population when a geographical barrier like ocean or mountain cuts across a specific range.