Human Health and Disease Test - 29

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV is transmitted primarily sexually, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles and from mother to child during pregnancy, breast-feeding.However, AIDS does not spread by mere hand-shake or sharing food.Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'It can be transmitted by shakehand and sharing food'.

Peripheral vascular disease is commonly used to refer to peripheral artery disease, meaning narrowing or occlusion by atherosclerotic plaques of arteries outside of the heart and brain.
Risk factors for peripheral artery disease include elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension and smoking. Complications of peripheral artery disease include sores that do not heal, ulcers, gangrene or infections in the extremities. A peripheral vascular disease that affects the veins include deep vein thrombosis, varicose veins. Pulmonary embolism is also caused by the blood clot due to peripheral vascular disease.
So, the correct answer is option D.

Excessive alcohol consumption causes chronic inflammation of the pancreas i.e. pancreatitis, which impairs its ability to secrete insulin. Insulin is a hormone necessary for maintaining the normal concentration of glucose in the blood. It promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen i.e. glycogenesis for storage in liver and muscle cells. Deficiency of insulin raises the blood sugar glucose and may lead to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Elephantiasis is the parasitic infection caused by the worm Wuchereria bancrofti. It is characterised bu the swelling of limbs like an elephant and thus called as elephantiasis. In this infection, worm blocks the lymphatic system due to which lymph get collected in the limbs and causes swelling. This infection is transmitted by Culex mosquito. 

Chickenpox causes an itchy blister-like rash all over the body. (in figure A).
Smallpox is characterized by rash and fluid-filled blisters. (in figure B).
In measles, there is a red, flat rash (not blister) that starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body (in figure C).
Ringworm is caused by fungus and is called so, because it cause a circular rash, in the shape of a ring. (in figure D).
In elephantiasis, the person's body (arms, legs or genitals) swell to massive proportions. (in figure E).
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome are different conditions but both are due to brain damage caused by lack of vitamin B$$_{1}$$. Lack of vitamin B$$_{1}$$ is common in people with alcoholism. Korsakoff syndrome tends to develop as Wernicke's symptoms go away. Wernicke encephalopathy causes brain damage in lower parts of the brain called the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Laennec's cirrhosis is the disease of liver in which normal lobular architecture is lost with fibrosis and later nodular regeneration and chronic alcoholism can cause Laennec's cirrhosis.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'All the above'.

Reverse transcription is the formation of cDNA (complementary DNA), double-stranded DNA, from an mRNA template. This is carried out by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Temin and Baltimore discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription in two RNA tumour viruses. Accordingly, Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) is an RNA retrovirus that is characterized by the presence of reverse transcriptase enzyme. This enzyme synthesizes DNA using RNA template through reverse transcription. Just after infection, RSV synthesizes DNA copies of its genome which then enter the nucleus of the cell. These viral DNA strands are randomly inserted throughout the DNA of the host's chromosomes. Now, the normal gene transcription within the nucleus produces an RSV mRNA which is transferred to the cytoplasm. Few copies of viral mRNA are translated  into protein, using the machinery of the host cell while other becomes incorporated into new virus particles. The correct option is C.

A vaccine is a biological preparation which improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and it is usually made from weakened (attenuated) or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it and remember it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

An autoimmune disease is one in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the normal cells. In Rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks the lining of the joints. This leads to inflammation that can affect the entire body. Rheumatoid arthritis causes the normally thin synovial membrane to become inflamed and thickened leading to an accumulation of synovial fluid and causing pain and swelling.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.