Human Health and Disease Test - 62

Inflammation, a response triggered by damage to living tissues. The inflammatory response is a defence mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal. The four cardinal signs of inflammation—redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).

Histamine, biologically active substance found in a great variety of living organisms. It is distributed widely. The effect histamine has on blood vessels is crucial to its role in the immune response, which is most clearly observed in inflammation i.e., the local reaction of bodily tissues to injury caused by physical damage, infection, or allergic reaction. Injured tissue mast cells  release histamine, causing the surrounding blood vessels to dilate and increase in permeability. This allows fluid and cells of the immune system, such as leukocytes (white blood cells) and blood plasma proteins, to leak from the bloodstream through the vessel walls and migrate to the site of tissue injury or infection, where they begin to fight the infection and nourish and heal the injured tissues..

So, the correct option is 'Option A'.

• One dose of MMR vaccine is 93% effective against measles, 78% effective against mumps, and 97% effective against rubella. MMR is an attenuated (weakened) live virus vaccine.
• Vivotif (Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a) is a live attenuated vaccine for oral administration only. The vaccine contains the attenuated strain Salmonella typhi.
• The smallpox vaccine protects people from smallpox by helping their bodies develop immunity to smallpox. The vaccine is made from a virus called vaccinia.
• One approach is to develop a vaccine to prevent this deadly disease. Clinical studies indicate that mucosal immunity may provide some protection against recurrent intestinal infection with E. histolytica, but there is no clear evidence that protective immunity develops after amoebic liver abscess.

Inflammation is a very prominent response to TNF-α. There are four typical signs of inflammation, erythema (redness), heat, swelling, and pain. These are a consequence of increased blood flow and capillary permeability, the influx of phagocytic cells, and tissue damage. Increased blood flow is caused by constriction of the capillaries that carry blood away from the infected area, and leads to engorgement of the capillary network. Erythema and an increase in tissue temperature accompany capillary constriction. In addition, the permeability of capillaries increases, allowing cells and fluid to leave and enter the surrounding tissue. These fluids have a higher protein content than the fluids normally found in tissues, causing swelling.

Luminal gives relief from anxiety and stress. It is a hypnotic tranquillizer. Luminal is a derivative of barbituric acid.

• A skin prick test, also called a puncture or scratch test, checks for immediate allergic reactions to approximately 40 different substances at once. 
• This test checks for a skin reaction to common allergy provoking substances, such as foods, moulds, dust, plants, or animal proteins. 
• If your skin reacts to a substance, chances are that you are allergic to it.
  

Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type which are types of helminth