Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Test - 75

Our crops could be made disease resistant by crossing them with wild varieties, which has disease resistance gene. This helps in yielding a new breed, which is highly disease resistant as well as carries the features of the existing variety. 

Pure line (homozygous) is a self-pollinated descendent of a self-pollinated plant. It is is a method in which new variety is developed by selection of single best plant progeny among traditional varieties or land races.
Characteristics of pure line :
1. All plant within a pure line has same genotype as the plants from which the pure lines are derived. 
2. The phenotypic differences (variation) within a pure line is environmental and therefore non heritable. 
3. The pure line becomes genetically variable with time, due to mechanical mixture, mutation, etc.
Uses:
1. Superior line is used as variety. 
2. It is used as parent in development of new variety by hybridization. 
3. Pure lines are used for studying mutations and other biological investigations, such as medicine, immunology, physiology and biochemistry.

Hybrid vigour will be lost due to inbreeding depression. The increase in the level of production traits due to crossing is called hybrid vigour or heterosis. The term hybrid vigour points at the vigour, which is a real factor that can bee seen by the naked eye, in comparison to pure breeding. The other word heterosis is derived from heterozygosity and points toward the direction form where the effect arises. The direction of the effect of crossing is opposite the effect of inbreeding. Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding - ie., breeding of related individuals. Population biological fitness refers to its ability to survive and reproduce itself.

Chlorella is a type of algae that grows in fresh water. The whole plant is used to make nutritional supplements and medicine. It is processed and made into tablets and liquid extracts. These extracts contain "chlorella growth factor," which is described as a water-soluble extract of chlorella containing chemicals including amino acids, peptides, proteins, vitamins, sugars, and nucleic acids. As a medicine, chlorella is used for preventing cancer, reducing radiation treatment side effects, stimulating the immune system, improving response to flu vaccine, increasing white blood cell counts (especially in people with HIV infection or cancer), preventing colds, protecting the body against toxic metals such as lead and mercury, and slowing the aging process.
Chlorella is also used to increase good bacteria in the intestine in order to improve digestion; and to help treat ulcers, colitis, Crohn's disease, and diverticulosis.
Some people also use chlorella for the prevention of stress-related ulcers; treatment of constipation, bad breath, and hypertension; as an antioxidant; to reduce cholesterol; to increase energy; to detoxify the body; and as a source of magnesium to promote mental health, relieve premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and reduce asthma attacks. It is also used for fibromyalgia.
Chlorella is applied to the skin for treating skin ulcers, rashes caused by radiation treatment, and a sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis. Chlorella is a good source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, fiber, chlorophyll, vitamins, and minerals. The cell wall of chlorella must be broken down before people can digest it.

Biological control is the use of living organism to control a vector. Biological control methods are very important in protecting the public from mosquitoes. The primary biological control we use is the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. The mosquito fish preys on mosquito larvae allowing us to keep mosquito populations under control. 

The bees develop from fertilized or unfertilized eggs laid by the queen at the bottom of the cells. Fertilized eggs are laid into worker cells and queen cells, and the unfertilized into drone cells. The egg develops in three days and the female queen and worker larvae hatch from fertilized eggs, and male larvae hatch from unfertilized eggs.

A worker bee is any female bee that lacks the full reproductive capacity of the colony's queen bee. They are smaller, their abdomens are shorter, and on their hind legs they possess pollen baskets, which are used to carry pollen back from the field. The life span of worker bee is six weeks during the colony's active season. However, worker bees live longer (four to eight months) during the less active winter months.