Chemistry in Everyday Life Test - 11

Antihistamine are not helpful in bringing down acute fever.

Antihistamines are commonly used for:

• Inflammation of the nose and eyes, sneezing. 
• Vasodilation-the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
• Itching of the eyes, nose and throat.  
• To reduce the severity of the rash and itching associated with nettle-type rashes.  

Barbiturates acts as hypnotic i.e., sleep producing agents.

• Barbiturates are a group of sedative-hypnotic medications used for the treatment of seizure disorder, neonatal withdrawal, insomnia, preoperative anxiety, induction of coma for increased intracranial pressure.
• They increase the activity of a chemical in the brain that helps transmit signals. This chemical is known as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). As a medication, they reduce muscle spasms, relieve anxiety, prevent seizures, and induce sleep.
  

Detergents with branched hydrocarbon chains are less likely to be biodegradable, that is they are not broken down by the bacteria easily. Thus, they cause water and soil pollution. All the soaps, on the other hand, are biodegradable.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Sucrose is not an artificial sweetener. It is a naturally occurring sugar.

• Sucrose is produced naturally in plants from which table sugar is refined.
• It is disaccharide, a molecule composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. 
• Sucralose, Alitame and Saccharin are artificial sweeteners. 
  

Hence, the correct option is (D).

The given structure is of penicillin.

• Penicillin is a group of antibiotics which includes penicillin G, penicillin V, procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin.
• Penicillin antibiotics were among the medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci.

The basic chemical structure of all penicillins consists of a beta-lactam ring, a thiazolidine ring, and a side chain (6-aminopenicillanic acid). The antibacterial activity of the penicillins lies within the beta-lactam ring.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

The drugs which are given to the patients suffering from anxiety and mental tension are known as tranquilizers.

• Tranquilizers is a neurologically active drug. 
• This affects the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. 
• Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases.
• These relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being. 
• They form an essential component of sleeping pills.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

The main cause of acidity in the stomach is release of extra gastric acids which decrease the pH level. 

• Gastric acid is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid \((\mathrm{HCl})\), potassium chloride \((\mathrm{KCl})\) and sodium chloride \((\mathrm{NaCl})\).
• If gastric acid is released in the stomach, the \(\mathrm{pH}\) level decreases and thereby increasing acidity in the stomach.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Quinine drug is effective in curing malaria. 

• Malaria is a viral disease and caused by female anopheles mosquito. 
• The drugs which are used to cure malaria are- Quinine, Hydroxychloroquine, Mefloquine etc.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

The use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and drinks because, it is unstable to heat and decomposes at cooking temperature.

• Sugar substitutes are substances that are used in place of sweeteners with sugar (sucrose) or sugar alcohols. They may also be called artificial sweeteners.
• Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. It is roughly 100 times as sweet as cane sugar. It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. 
• Use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and soft drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperature.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Drugs are chemicals of low molecular masses (100 – 500u). These interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response.

Drugs can be classified mainly on criteria outlined as follows:

(1) On the basis of pharmacological effect:

This classification is based on pharmacological effect of the drugs. It is useful for doctors because it provides them the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem.  

(B) On the basis of chemical structure:

It is based on the chemical structure of the drug. Drugs classified in this way, share common structural features and often have similar pharmacological activity.

(C) On the basis of molecular targets: 

Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These are called target molecules or drug targets. Drugs possessing some common structural features may have the same mechanism of action on targets.  

(D) On the basis of drug action: 

It is based on the action of a drug on a particular biochemical process. 

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Penicillin antibiotics is bactericidal.

• An antibiotic refers to a substance produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis, which in low concentrations inhibits the growth or destroys micro-organisms by intervening in their metabolic processes.
• Antibiotics have either cidal (killing) effect or a static (inhibitory) effect on microbes.
• Bactericidal- Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Ofloxacin
• Bacteriostatic- Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol 

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Barbituric acid and its derivatives are known as Tranquilizers.

• The drugs which act on the central nervous system (CNS) and help in reducing stress and fatigue by inducing of sense of well being are called tranquilizers. 
• They are psychotherapeutic drugs. 
• The most commonly used tranquilizers are barbituric acid and its 5, 5-disubstituted derivatives such as veronal, luminal and seconal.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide is known as invert soap.

• Invert soap is a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface active part of the molecule is the cation.
• It is a cationic detergent. 
• Trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide contains quaternary ammonium salt with an active cation part on the surface of the molecule. So, Trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide is an invert soap.

The structure of Trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide is as follows:

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Oxytocin is not an antibiotic.

• Antibiotics are the chemical substances produced by micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, etc), that can inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Example- Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc.
  
• Oxytocin is a hormone, which is released from posterior pituitary gland. 
• It controls the contraction of uterus after child birth and releases milk from the mammary glands.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Sodium benzoate is a most commonly used food preservative. 

• It is a manmade chemical compound which is known for its preserving property, and is commercially used as a famous preservative. 
• It is commonly being used in many packed products to increase their shelf life such as cosmetics, jellies, pickles, medicines, sauces, and even the already prepared juices. 
• It is a FDA approved product and is approved internationally as a food preservative and is known as E211 i.e., the assigned identity number.  

Hence, the correct option is (B).

The artificial sweetener containing chlorine that has the appearance and taste as that of sugar and is stable at cooking temperature is sucralose. 

• Sucralose is derived from sugar through a multi-step patented manufacturing process that selectively substitutes three atoms of chlorine for three hydroxyl groups on the sugar molecule. 
• This change produces a sweetener that has no calories, yet is 600 times sweeter than sucrose. 
• Sucralose tastes like sugar. Its chemical formula is \({C}_{12} {H}_{19} {Cl}_{3} {O}_{8}\).

Hence, the correct option is (C).

The main difference between bathing and washing soap is bathing soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids while washing soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids.

• Bathing soap are potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are usually soft and are also free from unused alkali. 
• Washing soaps, on the other hand, are sodium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are usually hard and also contain some residual alkali.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Drugs can inhibit the catalytic activity of enzymes by binding at both the active sites and allosteric sites.

• An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule, which binds to enzymes and decreases their activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors. 
• Drugs can attack both the active as well as the allosteric sites of an enzyme by binding to these sites and decreasing the catalytic activity of the enzymes.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

The scientific explanation of depression can be defined as low levels of noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter in the blood lead to depression.

• Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood swings. 
• Low levels of noradrenaline lower the signal-sending activity and make the person suffers from depression. 

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonistic drugs. 

• Drug antagonists are drugs that compete for the available receptors. 
• They may be noncompetitive and have no pharmacological effect of their own, or competitive in that they are capable of reversing or altering an effect already achieved.
• These are useful when blocking of message is required.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Antiseptic chloroxylenol is: 4 - chloro 3,5 - dimethylphenol.

Chloroxylenol also known as para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. 

The strcuture of Chloroxylenol is given as:

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Dettol contains chloroxylenol (comprises \(4.8 \%\) of dettol's total admixture), terpineol and isopropyl alcohol.

• Chloroxylenol acts as an antiseptic and disinfectant used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. 
• Terpineol which is a monoterpene alcohol has been isolated from a variety of sources such as cajuput oil, pine oil and petitgrain oil. 
• Isopropyl is a secondary antiseptic ingredient. This is a strong-smelling, colorless, flammable chemical compound that gives Dettol the ability to kill bacteria and and viruses, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Dettol contains all of the above compounds.

The chemical formula of Dettol is \(\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{9} \mathrm{ClO}\).

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme through hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, temporary covalent interactions (Van Der Waals') or a combination of all of these to form the enzyme-substrate complex.

The chemical groups at the active site are spatially arranged to face and interact with groups in the substrate, fixing them in the proper position.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Salvarsan is not an antidepressant.

• Antidepressants are medications that can help relieve symptoms of depression, social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders, seasonal affective disorder, and dysthymia, or mild chronic depression, as well as other conditions. 
• Iproniazid, Equanil and Phenelzine are Antidepressants.
• Salvarsan comes under the category of antibiotics. Because of their low human and animal toxicity, antibiotics are used as medicines to treat infections. 

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Drugs which bind strongly to the active site of an enzyme and do not depend upon the concentration of natural substrate are called as competitive inhibitors.

• Competitive inhibitors are the interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding.
• These drugs bind to active sites and do not depend on the concentration of natural substrate.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Equanil is a tranquilizer.

• This medication is used short-term to treat symptoms of anxiety and nervousness. 
• It acts on certain centers of the brain to help calm your nervous system which is same as tranquilizer which also have  a calming effect and eliminate both the physical and psychological effects on anxiety or fear.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

The Sodium carbonate will not act as antacid.

• An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach.
• Antacids contain alkaline ions that chemically neutralize stomach gastric acid, reducing damage and relieving pain.

Examples of antacids are-

• Sodium hydrogencarbonate, Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium carbonate, Aluminium hydroxide.  

Sodium carbonate known as washing soda is quite alkaline in nature and has a horrid soapy taste. It is not very palatable and could burn the throat. Therefore, it will not act as Antacid.

Phenelzine is an antidepressant (monoamine oxidase inhibitor).

• Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO inhibitor) used in therapy of moderate-to-severe depression.
  
• This medication treats depression by restoring the balance of certain natural substance (neurotransmitters) in the brain.
• Phenelzine can improve your mood and feelings of well-being.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Aspirin can be used as an analgesic without causing addiction.

• Analgesics reduce or abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of nervous system.
• Aspirin and paracetamol belong to the class of non-narcotic (non-addictive) analgesics. 
• Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain.
• Because of its anti blood clotting action, aspirin finds use in prevention of heart attacks.
• Morphine, Heroin, Codeine belongs to narcotic (addictive) analgesics.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Sodium lauryl sulphate is an anionic detergent.

• Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. 
• In anionic detergents, the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.
•  Sodium\(^{+}\) (laurylsulphate)\(^{-}\) is an anionic detergent. 
•  It has anion at the soluble end of the chain. It is a sodium salt of the sulphonated long chain of lauryl alcohol.

Hence, the correct option is (C).