Sugar dissolves in water because energy is given off when the slightly polar sucrose molecules form intermolecular bonds with the polar water molecules.
Water and oil are very different in their polarity and are therefore insoluble in each other. Because of the two different parts of the molecule, a soap molecule is soluble in water and at the same time can dissolve fats.
Generally, powders tend to become more soluble in water at higher temperatures. Water is a polar solvent, meaning that its electron density is uneven. Nonpolar powders are insoluble in water. Powders composed of large molecules are insoluble in water due to their larger particle size.
Water can dissolve salt because the positive part of water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of water molecules attracts the positive sodium ions. The amount of a substance that can dissolve in a liquid (at a particular temperature) is called the solubility of the substance.
Rock particles are quite bundled up together. So, it is very difficult to get the water particles smudged in there and let them two mix together. The rocks dissolve in water at a very low rate.
Sucrose being a simple molecule, easily dissolves in water. But rice grains have huge and fibrous carbohydrates called starch. That starch is insoluble in water. You can break down the starch, make it simpler which will make it soluble.