Eighteenth Century Political Formations Test - 3

The Jats were prosperous agriculturists, and towns like Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important trading centres in the areas dominated by them.

Under a number of able leaders in the eighteenth century, the Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas, and later on misls.

Nobles appointed as governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) to control their provinces.

The Mughal Empire reached the height of its success and started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the seventeenth

century. These were caused by a number of factors like financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.

The state depended on local bankers and mahajans for loans. It sold the right to collect tax to the highest bidders. These “revenue farmers” (ijaradars) agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money.

Founder of Awadh was Burhan-ul-Mulk Saadat Khan.

Independent Telugu warrior chiefs were called nayakas.

Maratha state was wielded by a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa or principal minister.

Maratha Kings possessed the right to levy sardeshmukhi in the entire region.Sardeshmukhi means 9-10 per cent of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan.

He Died a Natural death in 1707. 

Aurangzeb died in 1707. There was emergence of new political groups in the subcontinent during the first half of the eighteenth century roughly from 1707, when Aurangzeb died till the third battle of Panipat in 1761.

Nizam-ul-Mulk ,a Mughal nobleman who founded the Hyderabad State in India

In the midst of this economic and political crisis, the ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739.

Nobels appointed by by governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) as well

Mughals empire started declining its power under the region of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.

Sa‘adat Khan (Awadh) and Asaf Jah (Hyderabad) had occupied high mansabdari positions and enjoyed the trust and confidence of the emperors.Both held a zat rank of 7,000 each

Ahmed Shah Abdali was the first of the Saddozai rulers of Afghanistan.

The state of Hyderabad was constantly engaged in a struggle against the Marathas to the west and with independent Telugu warrior chiefs (nayakas) of the plateau. 

Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed subadar of Awadh in 1722 and founded a state which was one of the most important to emerge out of the break-up of the Mughal Empire

All three states were founded by members of the high Mughal nobility who had been governors of large provinces Sa‘adat Khan (Awadh), Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal) and Asaf Jah (Hyderabad).

The military campaigns made other rulers hostile towards the Marathas. As a result, they were not inclined to support the Marathas during the third battle of Panipat in 1761.

Sardeshmukhi was 9-10 per cent of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan by Maratha.

Under his successors, the efficiency of the imperial administration broke down. It became increasingly difficult for the later Mughal emperors to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars. 

Maharaja Ranjit Singh, reunited sikh groups and established his capital at Lahore in 1799.

Rebellion groups were able to seize the economic resources of the region to consolidate their positions. The Mughal emperors after Aurangzeb were unable to arrest the gradual shifting of political and economic authority into the hands of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups.

The wealth looted from the Mughal treasury by Nadir Shah included the peacock throne.

There was total twenty Sikh misls before Ranjit Singh.

Murshid Quli Khan, also known as Mohammad Hadi, was the first Nawab of Bengal

Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad state, was one of the most powerful members at the court of the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar.

Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad were the states that were carved out of the old Mughal provinces in the 18th century.