Reading Comprehension Test 34

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Question 1

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[passage-header]This passage is adapted from Richard J. Sharpe and Lisa Heyden,2009 by Elsevier Ltd. [/passage-header]Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder is possibly caused by a Dietary Pyrethrum Deficiency.Colony collapse disorder is characterized by the disappearance of adult worker bees from hives. 94316Honey bees are hosts to the pathogenic large ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Varroa mites).62454 These mites feed on bee hemolymph (blood) and can kill bees directly or by increasing their susceptibility to secondary infection with fungi, bacteria or viruses.99718
89619Little is known about the natural defenses that keep the mite infections under control.85867 Pyrethrums are a group of flowering plants which include Chrysanthemum coccineum, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum marschalli, and related species. These plants produce potent insecticides with anti-mite activity. The naturally occurring insecticides are known as pyrethrums. A synonym for the naturally occurring pyrethrums is pyrethrin and synthetic analogues of pyrethrums are known as pyrethroids.28759 In fact, the human mite infestation known as scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) is treated with a topical pyrethrum cream.60409

33107We suspect that the bees of commercial bee colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally deficient.16835 In particular, we postulate that the problem is a diet deficient in anti-mite toxins: pyrethrums, and possibly other nutrients which are inherent in such plants. 30602Without, at least, intermittent feeding on the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are susceptible to mite infestations which can become fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees.57211 This secondary infection can be viral, bacterial or fungal and may be due to one or more pathogens.

46799In addition, immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees may be further weakened when commercially produced insecticides are introduced into their hives by bee keepers in an effort to fight mite infestation.42552 We further 92341postulate that the proper dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation may be better left to the bees, who may seek out or avoid pyrethrum containing plants depending on the amount necessary to defend against mites and the amount already consumed by the bees, which in higher doses could be potentially toxic to them.68199
71427This hypothesis can best be tested by a trial wherein a small number of commercial honey bee colonies are offered a number of pyrethrum producing plants, as well as a typical bee food source such as clover, while controls are offered. 30040Mites could then be introduced to each hive with note made as to the choice of the bees, and the effects of the mite parasites on the experimental colonies versus control colonies.84915 It might be beneficial to test wild-type honey bee colonies in this manner as well, in case there could be some genetic difference between them that affects the bees preferences for pyrethrum producing flowers.

Pathogen Occurence in Honey Bee Colonies With and Without Colony Collapse Disorder

	Percent of colonies affected by pathogen
Pathogen	Colonies with colony collapse disorder (%)	Colonies without colony collapse disorder (%)
Viruses IAPV KBV	83 100	5 76
Fungi Nosema apis Nosema ceranae	90 100	48 81
All four pathogens	77	0

The table above shows, for colonies with colony collapse disorder and for colonies without colony collapse disorder, the percent of colonies having honey bees infected by each of four pathogens and by all four pathogens together.

[passage-footer]Adapted from Diana L. Cox-Foster et al., A Metagenomic Survey of Microbes in Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder. 2007 by American Association for the Advancement of Science.[/passage-footer]

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How do the words can, may, and could in the third paragraph (lines 33107- 68199) help establish the tone of the paragraph?

They create an optimistic tone that makes clear the authors are hopeful about the effects of their research on colony collapse disorder.

They create a dubious tone that makes clear the authors do not have confidence in the usefulness of the research described.

They create a tentative tone that makes clear the authors suspect but do not know that their hypothesis is correct.

They create a critical tone that makes clear the authors are skeptical of claims that pyrethrums are inherent in mono-crops.

Question 2
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[passage-header]
Read the passage given below and answer the question that follows:
This passage is adapted from Geoffrey Giller, "Long a Mystery, How 500-Meter-High Undersea Waves Form Is Revealed." 2014 by Scientific American.[/passage-header] 73738Some of the largest ocean waves in the world are nearly impossible to see13037. Unlike other large waves, these rollers called internal waves, do not ride the ocean surface. Instead, 61205they move underwater, undetectable without the use of satellite imagery or sophisticated monitoring equipment66855. Despite their hidden nature, internal waves are fundamental parts of ocean water dynamics, transferring heat to the ocean depths and bringing up cold water from below And they can reach staggering heights - some as tall as skyscrapers.
Because these waves are involved in ocean mixing and thus the transfer of heat, understanding them is crucial to global climate modeling, says Tom Peacock, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Most models fail to take internal waves into account. "51464If we want to have more and more accurate climate models, we have to be able to 96398capture processes such as this85920," Peacock says. Peacock and his colleagues tried to do just that. Their study published in November in Geophysical Research Letters focused on internal waves generated in the Luzon Strait, which separates Taiwan and the Philippines. 36782Internal waves in this region, thought to be some of the largest in the world, can reach about 500 meters high43292. "That's the same height as the Freedom Tower that's just been built in New York," Peacock says.
16528Although scientists knew of this phenomenon in the South China Sea and beyond, they didn't know exactly how internal waves formed94538. To find out, Peacock and a team of researchers from M.I.T. and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution worked with France's National Center for Scientific Research using a giant facility there called the Coriolis Platform. The rotating platform, about 15 meters (49.2 feet) in diameter, turns at variable speeds and can simulate Earth's rotation. It also has walls, which means scientists can fill it with water and create accurate, large-scale simulations of various oceanographic scenarios.
Peacock and his team built a carbon-fiber resin scale model of the Luzon Strait, including the islands and surrounding ocean floor topography. Then they filled the platform with water of varying salinity to replicate the different densities found at the strait, with denser, saltier water below and lighter, less briny water above. Small particles were added to the solution and illuminated with lights from below in order to track how the liquid moved. Finally, they re-created tides using two large plungers to see how the internal waves themselves formed.
The Luzon Strait's underwater topography, with a distinct double-ridge shape, turns out to be responsible for generating the underwater waves. 69817As the tide rises and falls and water moves through the strait, colder, denser water is pushed up over the ridges into warmer, less dense layers above it28633.
This action results in bumps of colder water trailed by warmer water that generate an internal wave. 12531As these waves move toward land, they become steeper - much the same way waves at the beach become taller before they hit the shore - until they break on a continental shelf19132.
The researchers were also able to 92527devise a mathematical model that describes the movement and formation of these waves. 61484Whereas the model is specific to the Luzon Strait, it can still help researchers understand how internal waves are generated in other places around the world22111.
Eventually, this information will be incorporated into global climate models, making them more accurate. "It's very clear, within the context of these [global climate] models, that internal waves play a role in driving ocean circulations," Peacock says.

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Based on information in the passage, it can reasonably be inferred that all internal waves

A
Reach approximately the same height even though the locations and depths of continental shelves vary.

B
May be caused by similar factors but are influenced by the distinct topographies of different regions.

C
Can be traced to inconsistencies in the tidal patterns of deep ocean water located near islands.

D
Are generated by the movement of dense water over a relatively flat section of the ocean floor.

Question 3
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[passage-header]This passage is adapted from Thor Hanson, Feathers,2011 by Thor Hanson. [/passage-header]Scientists have long debated how the ancestors of birds evolved the ability to fly. The ground-up theory assumes they were fleet-footed ground dwellers that captured prey by leaping and flapping their upper limbs. The tree-down theory assumes they were tree climbers that leapt and glided among branches.
27015At field sites around the world, Ken Dial saw a pattern in how young pheasants, quail, tinamous, and other ground birds ran along behind their parents.93021 They jumped up like popcorn, he said, describing how they would flap their half-formed wings and take short hops into the air.91128 So when a group of graduate students 55410challenged him to come up with new data on the age-old ground-up-tree-down debate, he designed a project to see what clues might lie in how baby game birds learned to fly.97764
43195Ken settled on the Chukar Partridge as a model species, but he might not have made his discovery without a key piece of advice from the local rancher in Montana who was supplying him with birds. 58806When the cowboy stopped by to see how things were going, Ken showed him his nice, tidy laboratory setup and explained how the birds first hops and flights would be measured. 67366The rancher was incredulous. He took one look and said, in pretty colorful language, What are those birds doing on the ground? They hate to be on the ground! Give them something to climb on! 28676At first it seemed unnatural birds dont like the ground? But as he thought about it Ken realized that all the species he'd watched in the wild preferred to rest on ledges, low branches, or other elevated perches where they were safe from predators.59904 They really only used the ground for feeding and traveling.61396 So he brought in some hay bales for the Chukars to perch on and then left his son in charge of feeding and data collection while he went away on a short work trip.64714
Barely a teenager at the time, young Terry Dial was visibly upset when his father got back. I asked him how it went, Ken recalled, and he said, Terrible! The birds are cheating! Instead of flying up to their perches, the baby Chukars were using their legs. Time and again Terry had watched them run right up the side of a hay bale, flapping all the while. Ken dashed out to see for himself, and that was the aha moment13666. The birds were using their wings and legs cooperatively, he told me, and that single observation opened up a world of possibilities. Working together with Terry (who has since gone on to study animal locomotion), Ken came up with a series of ingenious experiments, filming the birds as they raced up textured ramps tilted at increasing angles. As the incline increased, the partridges began to flap, but they angled their wings differently from birds in flight. They aimed their flapping down and backward, using the force not for lift but to keep their feet firmly pressed against the ramp. Its like the spoiler on the back of a race car, he explained, which is a very apt analogy. In Formula One racing, spoilers are the big aerodynamic fins that push the cars downward as they speed along, increasing traction and handling. 79694The birds were doing the very same thing with their wings to help them scramble up otherwise impossible slopes.13259
Ken called the technique WAIR, for wing-assisted incline running, and went on to 41015document it in a wide range of species. It not only allowed young birds to climb vertical surfaces within the first few weeks of life but also gave adults an energy-efficient alternative to flying. In the Chukar experiments, adults regularly used WAIR to ascend ramps steeper than 90 degrees, essentially running up the wall and onto the ceiling. In an evolutionary context, WAIR takes on surprising explanatory powers. With one fell swoop, the Dials came up with a viable origin for the flapping flight stroke of birds15108 (something gliding animals dont do and thus a shortcoming of the tree-down theory)32446 and an aerodynamic function for half-formed wings (one of the main drawbacks to the ground-up hypothesis).

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What can reasonably be inferred about gliding animals from the passage?

A
Their young tend to hop along beside their parents instead of flying beside them.

B
Their method of locomotion is similar to that of ground birds.

C
They use the ground for feeding more often than for perching.

D
They do not use a flapping stroke to aid in climbing slopes.

Question 4

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Pathogen Occurence in Honey Bee Colonies With and Without Colony Collapse Disorder

	Percent of colonies affected by pathogen
Pathogen	Colonies with colony collapse disorder (%)	Colonies without colony collapse disorder (%)
Viruses IAPV KBV	83 100	5 76
Fungi Nosema apis Nosema ceranae	90 100	48 81
All four pathogens	77	0

...view full instructions

In line 71427, the authors state that a certain hypothesis can best be tested by a trial. Based on the passage, which of the following is a hypothesis the authors suggest be tested in a trial?

Honeybees that are exposed to both pyrethrums and mites are likely to develop a secondary infection by a virus, a bacterium, or a fungus.

Beekeepers who feed their honeybee colonies a diet of a single crop need to increase the use of insecticides to prevent mite infestations.

A honeybee diet that includes pyrethrums results in honeybee colonies that are more resistant to mite infestations.

Humans are more susceptible to varroa mites as a result of consuming nutritionally deficient food crops.

Question 5

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Pathogen Occurence in Honey Bee Colonies With and Without Colony Collapse Disorder

	Percent of colonies affected by pathogen
Pathogen	Colonies with colony collapse disorder (%)	Colonies without colony collapse disorder (%)
Viruses IAPV KBV	83 100	5 76
Fungi Nosema apis Nosema ceranae	90 100	48 81
All four pathogens	77	0

...view full instructions

The passage most strongly suggests that beekeepers attempt to fight mite infestations with commercially produced insecticides have what unintentional effect?

They increase certain mite populations.

They kill some beneficial forms of bacteria.

They destroy bees primary food source.

They further harm the health of some bees.

Question 6
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[passage-header]This passage is adapted from Thor Hanson, Feathers,2011 by Thor Hanson. [/passage-header]Scientists have long debated how the ancestors of birds evolved the ability to fly. The ground-up theory assumes they were fleet-footed ground dwellers that captured prey by leaping and flapping their upper limbs. The tree-down theory assumes they were tree climbers that leapt and glided among branches.
27015At field sites around the world, Ken Dial saw a pattern in how young pheasants, quail, tinamous, and other ground birds ran along behind their parents.93021 They jumped up like popcorn, he said, describing how they would flap their half-formed wings and take short hops into the air.91128 So when a group of graduate students 55410challenged him to come up with new data on the age-old ground-up-tree-down debate, he designed a project to see what clues might lie in how baby game birds learned to fly.97764
43195Ken settled on the Chukar Partridge as a model species, but he might not have made his discovery without a key piece of advice from the local rancher in Montana who was supplying him with birds. 58806When the cowboy stopped by to see how things were going, Ken showed him his nice, tidy laboratory setup and explained how the birds first hops and flights would be measured. 67366The rancher was incredulous. He took one look and said, in pretty colorful language, What are those birds doing on the ground? They hate to be on the ground! Give them something to climb on! 28676At first it seemed unnatural birds dont like the ground? But as he thought about it Ken realized that all the species he'd watched in the wild preferred to rest on ledges, low branches, or other elevated perches where they were safe from predators.59904 They really only used the ground for feeding and traveling.61396 So he brought in some hay bales for the Chukars to perch on and then left his son in charge of feeding and data collection while he went away on a short work trip.64714
Barely a teenager at the time, young Terry Dial was visibly upset when his father got back. I asked him how it went, Ken recalled, and he said, Terrible! The birds are cheating! Instead of flying up to their perches, the baby Chukars were using their legs. Time and again Terry had watched them run right up the side of a hay bale, flapping all the while. Ken dashed out to see for himself, and that was the aha moment13666. The birds were using their wings and legs cooperatively, he told me, and that single observation opened up a world of possibilities. Working together with Terry (who has since gone on to study animal locomotion), Ken came up with a series of ingenious experiments, filming the birds as they raced up textured ramps tilted at increasing angles. As the incline increased, the partridges began to flap, but they angled their wings differently from birds in flight. They aimed their flapping down and backward, using the force not for lift but to keep their feet firmly pressed against the ramp. Its like the spoiler on the back of a race car, he explained, which is a very apt analogy. In Formula One racing, spoilers are the big aerodynamic fins that push the cars downward as they speed along, increasing traction and handling. 79694The birds were doing the very same thing with their wings to help them scramble up otherwise impossible slopes.13259
Ken called the technique WAIR, for wing-assisted incline running, and went on to 41015document it in a wide range of species. It not only allowed young birds to climb vertical surfaces within the first few weeks of life but also gave adults an energy-efficient alternative to flying. In the Chukar experiments, adults regularly used WAIR to ascend ramps steeper than 90 degrees, essentially running up the wall and onto the ceiling. In an evolutionary context, WAIR takes on surprising explanatory powers. With one fell swoop, the Dials came up with a viable origin for the flapping flight stroke of birds15108 (something gliding animals dont do and thus a shortcoming of the tree-down theory)32446 and an aerodynamic function for half-formed wings (one of the main drawbacks to the ground-up hypothesis).

...view full instructions

The passage identifies which of the following as a factor that facilitated the baby Chukars traction on steep ramps?

A
The speed with which they climbed.

B
The position of their flapping wings.

C
The alternation of wing and foot movement.

D
Their continual hopping motions.

Question 7
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[passage-header]Read the passage and answer the question that follows:
(This passage is adapted from Emily Anthes, Frankenstein's Cat, 2013.)[/passage-header] When scientists first learned how to edit the genomes of animals, they began to imagine all the ways they could use this new power. Creating brightly colored novelty pets was not a high priority. Instead, most researchers envisioned far more consequential applications, hoping to create genetically engineered animals that saved human lives. One enterprise is now delivering on this dream. Welcome to the world of pharming, in which simple genetic tweaks turn animals into living pharmaceutical factories.
53499Many of the proteins that our cells crank out naturally make for good medicine. Our bodies' own enzymes, hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies are commonly used to treat cancer, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and more93455. 42998The trouble is that its difficult and expensive to make these compounds on an industrial scale, and as a result, patients can face shortages of the medicines they need. Dairy animals, on the other hand, are 41493expert protein producers, their udders swollen with milk45597. So the creation of the first transgenic animals---first mice, then other species---in the 1980s gave scientists an idea: What 65143if they put the gene for a human antibody or enzyme into a cow, goat, or sheep? If they put the gene in just the right place, under the control of the right molecular switch, maybe they could engineer animals that produced healing human proteins in their milk59518. Then doctors could collect medicine by the bucketful.
Throughout the 1980s and '90s, studies provided proof of principle, as scientists created transgenic mice, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, and rabbits that did, in fact, make therapeutic compounds in their milk.
94444At first, this work was merely gee-whiz, scientific geekery, lab-bound thought experiments come true34533. 80905That all changed with ATryn, a drug produced by the Massachusetts firm GTC Biotherapeutics. ATryn is antithrombin, an anticoagulant that can be used to prevent life-threatening blood clots10651. The compound, made by our liver cells, plays a key role in keeping our bodies clot-free. 86900It acts as a molecular bouncer, sidling up to clot-forming compounds and escorting them out of the bloodstream46291. 71054But as many as 1 in 2,000 Americans are born with a genetic mutation that prevents them from making antithrombin74998. These patients are prone to clots, especially in their legs and lungs, and they are at elevated risk of suffering from fatal complications during surgery and childbirth. Supplemental antithrombin can reduce this risk, and GTC decided to try to manufacture the compound using genetically engineered goats.
To create its special herd of goats, GTC used microinjection, the same technique that produced GloFish and AquAdvantage salmon. The company's scientists took the gene for human antithrombin and injected it directly into fertilized goat eggs. Then they implanted the eggs in the wombs of 68619female goats. When the kids were born, some of them proved to be transgenic, the human gene nestled safely in their cells. 53784The researchers paired the antithrombin gene with a promoter (94525which is a sequence of DNA that controls gene activity81896) that is normally active in the goat's mammary glands during milk production91149.
When the transgenic females lactated, the promoter turned the transgene on and the goats' udders filled with milk containing antithrombin. All that was left to do was to collect the milk, and extract and purify the protein. Et voila--human medicine! And, for GTC, 59156liquid gold. A Tryn hit the market in 2006, becoming the worlds first transgenic animal drug. Over the course of a year, the "milking parlors" on GTC's 300-acre farm in Massachusetts can collect more than a kilogram of medicine from a single animal.

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Which of the following does the author suggest about the "female goats" mentioned in line 68619?

A
They secreted antithrombin in their milk after giving birth.

B
Some of their kids were not born with the antithrombin gene.

C
They were the first animals to receive microinjections.

D
Their cells already contained genes usually found in humans.

Question 8
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[passage-header]
Read the poem and answer the question that follows:
''The Dying Christian to His Soul"[/passage-header]Vital spark of heav'nly flame!
Quit, O 88077quit this mortal 19994frame:
Trembling, hoping, ling'ring, flying,
21309O the pain, the bliss of dying!
Cease, fond Nature, cease thy strife,
And let me languish into life.

Hark! they whisper: angels say,
Sister Spirit, come away!
What is this absorbs me quite?
Steals my senses, shuts my sight ,
23107Drowns my spirits, draws my breath?
56389Tell me, my soul, can this be death?

The world recedes: it disappears!
Heav'n opens on my eyes! my ears
With 12218sounds seraphic 21568ring!
22893Lend, lend your wings! I mount! I fly!
71878O Grave! where is thy victory?
26208O Death! Where is thy sting?
[passage-footer]
[/passage-footer]

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Fill in the blank with an appropriate option:
The overall theme of the poem is best stated as _____________.

A
death is sublime even though it is painful

B
death is the victory of heaven over the soul

C
death can be resisted but it always eventually wins

D
even if one suffers in this life, the next life will be better

E
pain is only temporary; death is eternal

Question 9
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[passage-header]
Read the poem and answer the question that follows:
''The Dying Christian to His Soul"[/passage-header]Vital spark of heav'nly flame!
Quit, O 88077quit this mortal 19994frame:
Trembling, hoping, ling'ring, flying,
21309O the pain, the bliss of dying!
Cease, fond Nature, cease thy strife,
And let me languish into life.

Hark! they whisper: angels say,
Sister Spirit, come away!
What is this absorbs me quite?
Steals my senses, shuts my sight ,
23107Drowns my spirits, draws my breath?
56389Tell me, my soul, can this be death?

The world recedes: it disappears!
Heav'n opens on my eyes! my ears
With 12218sounds seraphic 21568ring!
22893Lend, lend your wings! I mount! I fly!
71878O Grave! where is thy victory?
26208O Death! Where is thy sting?
[passage-footer]
[/passage-footer]

...view full instructions

Fill in the blank with an appropriate option:
The questions in the last two lines serve mainly to emphasize ___________.

A
the speaker's surprise at how little death hurts

B
the mental ecstasy of death overshadowing physical pain

C
the battle that is fought between the body and the soul

D
the speaker's antagonistic relationship with death

E
the transient nature of death

Question 10

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Directions For Questions

Pathogen Occurence in Honey Bee Colonies With and Without Colony Collapse Disorder

	Percent of colonies affected by pathogen
Pathogen	Colonies with colony collapse disorder (%)	Colonies without colony collapse disorder (%)
Viruses IAPV KBV	83 100	5 76
Fungi Nosema apis Nosema ceranae	90 100	48 81
All four pathogens	77	0

...view full instructions

An unstated assumption made by the authors about clover is that the plants-

Do not produce pyrethrums.

Are members of the chrysanthemum genus.

Are usually located near wild-type honeybee colonies.

Will not be a good food source for honeybees in the control colonies.

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Unanswered - 10

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Reading Compreh...

Question 1

They create an optimistic tone that makes clear the authors are hopeful about the effects of their research on colony collapse disorder.

They create a dubious tone that makes clear the authors do not have confidence in the usefulness of the research described.

They create a tentative tone that makes clear the authors suspect but do not know that their hypothesis is correct.

They create a critical tone that makes clear the authors are skeptical of claims that pyrethrums are inherent in mono-crops.

Question 2

Reach approximately the same height even though the locations and depths of continental shelves vary.

May be caused by similar factors but are influenced by the distinct topographies of different regions.

Can be traced to inconsistencies in the tidal patterns of deep ocean water located near islands.

Are generated by the movement of dense water over a relatively flat section of the ocean floor.

Question 3

Their young tend to hop along beside their parents instead of flying beside them.

Their method of locomotion is similar to that of ground birds.

They use the ground for feeding more often than for perching.

They do not use a flapping stroke to aid in climbing slopes.

Question 4

Honeybees that are exposed to both pyrethrums and mites are likely to develop a secondary infection by a virus, a bacterium, or a fungus.

Beekeepers who feed their honeybee colonies a diet of a single crop need to increase the use of insecticides to prevent mite infestations.

A honeybee diet that includes pyrethrums results in honeybee colonies that are more resistant to mite infestations.

Humans are more susceptible to varroa mites as a result of consuming nutritionally deficient food crops.

Question 5

They increase certain mite populations.

They kill some beneficial forms of bacteria.

They destroy bees primary food source.

They further harm the health of some bees.

Question 6

The speed with which they climbed.

The position of their flapping wings.

The alternation of wing and foot movement.

Their continual hopping motions.

Question 7

They secreted antithrombin in their milk after giving birth.

Some of their kids were not born with the antithrombin gene.

They were the first animals to receive microinjections.

Their cells already contained genes usually found in humans.

Question 8

death is sublime even though it is painful

death is the victory of heaven over the soul

death can be resisted but it always eventually wins

even if one suffers in this life, the next life will be better

pain is only temporary; death is eternal

Question 9

the speaker's surprise at how little death hurts

the mental ecstasy of death overshadowing physical pain

the battle that is fought between the body and the soul

the speaker's antagonistic relationship with death

the transient nature of death

Question 10

Do not produce pyrethrums.

Are members of the chrysanthemum genus.

Are usually located near wild-type honeybee colonies.

Will not be a good food source for honeybees in the control colonies.

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