Reading Compreh...

Read the given passage carefully and answer the question given after the passage.

Watches, chocolates and cheese is this what Switzerland is all about ? Wrong! The squeaky clean nation known for its picturesque countryside, its high mountains and legendary Alpine pastures, is all these and much more.
To begin with, Switzerland has one of the world's leading chemical and pharmaceutical industries and an engineering sector second to none in quality. In 1995, this tiny country (just 42.000 sq km) with a population (7.1 million people) which is less than that of even Mumbai, recorded a GDP of $304.1 billion and a GNP of $316.7 billion.
Top this with the highest standard of living in Europe, a buoyant banking sector, a long tradition of neutrality, a strong grassroots democratic federal governmental system (comprising 26 cantons and half-cantons and 2,999 communes); and a high level of political and economic stability, and you have an idyllic scenario. But behind the idyllic exterior is a history of hard work and enterprise which few other countries in the world can match. Switzerland has none of the raw materials which traditionally constitute the basis of industrial development. Its assets lie in highly skilled manpower and superior technological expertise. Swiss entrepreneurs concentrate on highly specialised technical products, which have inevitably been largely exported.
In 1995, the Swiss watchmaking industry exported 93 per cent of its output, followed by the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors (85 per cent), and the machine manufacturing sector (70 per cent). This is an average of 83 per cent for the country's three most important industries.
Total exports amounted to $81.1 billion in 19.95, with the leading contributors being machinery ($23.2 billion), chemicals and pharmaceuticals ($20 billion), precision instruments, and watches and jewellery ($15.6 billion). Textiles, garments, agriculture and forestry made up the rest. Total Swiss imports, meanwhile, amounted to $80 billion and were mainly raw materials, semi-finished products, consumer and capital goods, electricity and fuel.
The principal export markets for Switzerland's industries are the European Union (62.3 per cent), Asia (18.2 per cent) and the Americas rank third with the US share being 8.6 per cent. Similarly, the main suppliers to the Swiss market were the European Union (79 per cent), Asia (8.5 per cent) and then America, with the US contributing 6.2 per cent.
The steady climb up the economic ladder, however, has also been disturbed in recent times. The 15 per cent appreciation of the Swiss franc between 1992 and 1995, has made it difficult for Swiss exporters to take advantage of new opportunities without making price concessions and reducing profit margins. Swiss products even face the prospects of trade barriers in the European Union and a stagnating market in Western countries.
So now Switzerland is gearing itself for a long fight to make its industries more competitive and is also looking towards the fast growing economies of Asia for increasing its market strength. The buzzword in industry circles is "explore new area" and not rely solely on the traditional European markets. 

 Read the following passage carefully and choose the correct answer for each question:    
     The world we live in presents an endless
variety of fascinating problems which excite our
wonder and curiosity. The scientific worker
attempts to formulate these problems in accurate
terms and to solve them in the light of all the
relevant facts that can be collected by observation
and experiment. Such questions as What? How? 
Where? and When? Challenge him to find the clues
that may suggest possible replies.
     Confronted by many problems presented by,
let us say, an active volcano, we may risk; what are
the lavas made of? How does the volcano work
and how is the heat generated? Where do the lavas
and gases come from? When did the volcano first
begin to erupt and when is it likely to erupt again?
    Here and in all such queries 'what' refers to
such things of which a phenomenon is made of,
and an answer can be given. In terms of chemical
compounds and elements, the question 'How',
refers to processes- the way things are made or
happen or change. The ancients regarded natural
processes as manifestatons of power by irresponsible
gods; today we think of them as manifestations of
energy acting on or through matter. Volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes no longer reflect the erratic
behaviour of the gods of the underworld; they arise
from the action of the earth's internal heat on and 
through the surrounding crust. The source of the
energy lies in the material of inner earth. In many
directions of course, our knowledge is still
incomplete: only the first of the questions we have
asked about volcanoes, for example, can as yet be
satisfactory answers. The point is not that we now 
pretend to understand everything but that we have 
faith in the orderliness of natural processes. As a
result of two or three centuries of scientific
investigation in the sense that when we ask for
questions by way of appropriate observations and 
experiments she will answer truly and reward us with 
discoveries that endure.
     Modern geology has for its aim the
deciphering of the whole evolution of the earth from 
the time of the earliest records that can be
recognised in the rocks to the present day. Geology
is by no means without practical importance in
relation to the needs and industries of mankind.
Thousands of geologists are actively engaged in
locating and exploiting mineral resources of the
earth. The whole world is being searched for coal
and oil and for the ores of useful metals. Geologists
are also directly concerned with the vital subject
of water supply. Many engineering projects, such
as tunnels. canals, docks and reservoirs call for
geological advice in the selection of sites and
materials. In these and many other ways, geology
is applied to the service of mankind.
     Although geology has its own laboratory
methods for studying mineral rocks and fossils, it
is essentially an open air science, It attracts its
followers to mountains and waterfalls, glaciers and
volcanoes, beaches and coral reefs in search of
information about the earth and her often puzzling
behaviour.
     Whenever rocks are to be seen in cliffs and
quarries, their arrangement and sequence can be
observed and their story deciphered. With his hammer
and maps the geologist in the field leads a healthy
and exhilarating life. His powers of observation
become sharpened, his love of Nature is deepened,
and the thrill of discovery is always at hand.[passage-footer][/passage-footer]

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question that follows:
     Why don't I have a telephone? Not because I pretend to be wise or pose as unusual. There are two chief reasons; because I don't really like the telephone, and because I find I can still work and play, eat, breathe, and sleep without it. Why don't I like the telephone? Because I think it is a pest
and a time waster. It may create unnecessary suspense and anxiety, as when you wait for an expected call that doesn't come; or irritating delay, as when you keep ringing a number that is always engaged.
     As for speaking in a public telephone booth, that seems to be really horrible. You would notuse it because you will find other people waiting before you. When you do get into the booth, you are half suffocated by stale, unventilated air, flavoured with cheap face-powder and chain
smoking; and by the time you have begun your conversation your back is chilled by the cold looks  of somebody who is moving about restlessly to  take your place.
     If you have a telephone in your house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you least want it to ring - when you are asleep, or in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are in your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it to say to yourself. 'Ah well, it will be all the same in a 'hundred years time? You are not. You think there may be some important news or message for you. Have you ever rushed dripping from the bath, only to be told that you are a wrong number You were told the truth. In my opinion, if the telephone rings and you decide not to answer it, then you will have to listen to an idiotic bell ringing and 
ringing in what is supposed to be the privacy of your own home. You might as well buy a bicycle bell and ring it yourself.
     If one, like me, is without a telephone, somebody is sure to say, "Oh, but don't you find you have to write an awful lot of letters? The answer to that is Yes, but I should have to write an awful lot of letters anyway" This may bring the remark "Ah, well if you do have a telephone, at least you must have a typewriter". And the answer to that is  'No'.
     'What, no telephone and no typewriter', Do please explain why? Well, I am a professional man of letters and when I was younger I thought a typewriter would be convenient, I even thought it was necessary, and that editors and publishers would expect anything sent to them to be  typewritten. So, I brought a typewriter and taught myself to type, and for some years, I typed away busily. But I did not enjoy typing. I happen to enjoy the act of writing. I enjoy forming letters or words with a pen, and I never could enjoy typing the keys  of a typewriter.
     There again there was a bell, only little bell that rang at the end of each line - but still a bell. And the fact is, I am not mechanically minded, and the typewriter is a machine. I have never been really drawn to machines. I don't like oiling, cleaning or mending them to work. To control them gives me no sense of power; not of the kind of power that I find interesting. And machines do not like me. When I touch them they tend to break down, get jammed, catch fire or blow up.

Although many details remain to be worked out, it is already evident that all the objective phenomena of the history of life can be explained by purely materialistic factors. They are readily explicable on the basis of differential reproduction in populations (the main factor in the modem conception of natural selection) and of the mainly random interplay of the known processes of heredity. Vitalist and finalist theories not only fail to explain them but are also flatly inconsistent with them. These theories are commonly not truly explanatory but are frequently more or less veiled attempts to evade explanation. They arose in part as efforts to salvage unscientific prejudices really, contradicted by the facts of evolution, but some were also legitimate reactions to the fact that proposed materialistic explanations were long unsatisfactory and that the effort to complete them was in a temporary impasse. Discovery of the facts of genetics and integration of these with knowledge of life from other fields of study have led out of this impasse and produced a materialistic theory that no longer gives motive for vitalistic or finalistic evasions.
All-over progress, and particularly progress towards any goal or fixed point, can no longer be considered as characteristic of evolution or even as inherent in it. P,rogress does not exist in the history of life, but it is of many different sorts and each sort occurs separately in many different lines. One . so of progress in structure and function that stands out as particularly widespread and important is increasing awareness of the life situation of the individual organism and increasing variety and sureness of appropriate reactions to this. Among the many different lines that show progress in this respect, the line leading to man reaches much the highest level yet developed. By most other criteria of progress, also, man is at least among the higher animals and a balance of considerations fully warrants considering him definitely the highest of all.
Man is the result of a purposeless and materialistic process that did not have him in mind. He was not planned. He is a state of matter, a form of life, a sort of animal, and a species of the Order Primates, akin nearly or remotely to all of life and indeed to all that is. material. It is,. however, a gross misrepresentation to say that he is just an accident or nothing but an animal. Among all the myriad forms of matter and of life on earth or as far as we know in the universe, man is unique. He happens to represent the highest form of organization of matter and energy that has ever appeared. Recognition of this kinship with the rest of the universe is necessary for understanding him, but his essential nature is defined by qualities found nowhere else, not by those he has in common with apes, fishes, trees, fire, or anything other than himself.
It is part of this unique status that in man a new form of evolution begins, overlying and largely dominating the old, organic evolution which nevertheless also continues in him. This new form of evolution works in the social structure, as the old evolution does in the breeding population structure, and it depends on learning, the inheritance of knowledge, as the old does on physical inheritance. Its possibility arises from man's intelligence and associated flexibility of response. His reactions depend far less than other organisms' on physically inherited factors, far more on learning and on perception of immediate and, of new situations. This flexibility brings with it the power and need for constant choice between different courses of action. Man plans and has purposes. Plan, purpose, goal, all absent in evolution to this point, enter with the coming of man and are inherent.in the new evolution, which--is confined to him. With these comes the need for criteria of choice. Good and evil, right or wrong; concepts largely irrelevant in nature except from the human viewpoint, become real and pressing features of the whole cosmos as viewed by man the only possible way in which the cosmos can be viewed morally because morals arise only in man.
Discovery that the universe apart from man or before his coming lacks and lacked ady purpose or plan has the inevitable corollary that the workings of the universe cannot provide any automatic, universal, eternal, or absolute ethical criteria of right and wrong. This discovery has completely undermined all older attempts to find an intuitive ethic or to accept such an ethic as revelation. It has not been so generally recognized that it equally undermines attempts to find a naturalistic ethic, which will flow with absolute validity from the workings of Nature or of Evolution as a new Revelation. Such attempts, arising from discovery of the baselessness of intuitive ethics, have commonly fallen into the same mistake of seeking an absolute ethic or one outside of man's own nature and have been doomed to failure by their own premises.