Agriculture Mock Test - 1

The correct answer is Relative humidity.

Explanation:

• Relative humidity is defined as the ratio between the amount of water vapour present in a given volume of air and the amount of water vapour required for saturation under fixed temperature and pressure.
• Relative humidity is also defined as the ratio of the water vapour content in the air to its maximum water vapour capacity at a given temperature expressed in percentage.
• Relative humidity has no units
• The relative humidity gives only the degree of saturation of air.
• The relative humidity of saturated air is 100 per cent.

 

Additional InformationHumidity:

• Humidity is the amount of water vapour that is present in atmosphere is known as Humidity.
• Humidity is also called as Atmospheric moisture.

Absolute Humidity

• Absolute Humidity is defined as the actual mass of water vapour present in a given volume of moist air.
• Absolute Humidity is expressed as grams of water vapour per cubic meter or cubic feet.

Specific Humidity

• Specific Humidity weight of water vapour per unit weight of moist air.
• It is expressed as grams of water vapour per kilogram of air (g/kg)

The correct answer is both statements I and II are correct.

Lift drainage

• To drain from low lying area or areas having water due to embankment, lift drainage is used.
• Water to be drained is lifted normally by opened devices unscoops or by pumping or by mechanical means.
• Lift drainage method is costly, cumbersome and time consuming but effective and efficient to drain standing water over the soil surface.

Ditch drainage

• Ditches of different dimension are constructed at distances to drain the excess water accumulated on the surface and inside the soil up to the depth of ditch.
• Such ditches may be interceptors or relief drains.
• Ditch drainage method is adopted in nurseries, seed beds and rainfed crops.
• Ditch drainage is an effective and efficient method but requires smoothening of surface and construction of ditches.
• Ditch drainage involves cost and wastage of crop lands.
• Shifting of soil, restriction for the movement of farm machineries reconstruction and renovation of ditches during the crop duration and harvesting of crops and the problems in this method.
• In flat land, bed or parallel field, ditches may be constructed.

 

Additional Information

Surface drainage 

• Surface drainage is designed primarily to remove excess water from the surface of soil profile.
• Surface drainage can be done by developing slope in the land so that excess water drains by gravity
• The surface drainage can be further classified as a) Life drainage b) Gravity drainage c) Field surface drainage d) Ditch drainage.

The correct answer is both the statements are wrong

Explanation:

• On the basis of location, markets are classified as Village, Primary wholesale, secondary wholesale, terminal, and Seaboard markets.
• In Forward markets the purchase and sale of a commodity takes place at time “t‟ but the exchange of the commodity takes place on some specified date in future i.e., time t + 2.   

 

Additional Information

Markets are classified  on different categories like based on their location, based on area or coverage, basis of time span, based on volume of transactions, basis on nature of transactions, basis of nature of commodities in which transaction take place, basis of degree of comparison, basis of commodities, basis of stage of marketing, basis of Extent of Public Intervention, basis of Type of Population Served, basis of Accrual of Marketing Margins.

1. On the Basis of their location:

Village Markets	A market which is located in a small village, where major transactions take place among the buyers and sellers of a village is called a village market.
Primary wholesale Markets	These markets are located in big towns near the centers of production of agricultural commodities. A major part of the produce is brought for sale by the producer-farmers themselves. Transactions in these markets usually take place between the farmers and traders.
Secondary wholesale Markets	These markets are located generally in district headquarters or important trade centers or near railway junctions. The major transactions in commodities take place between the village traders and wholesalers. The bulk of the arrivals in these markets are from other markets.
Terminal Markets	A terminal market is one where the produce is either finally disposed of to the consumers or processors, or assembled for export. Merchants are well organized and use modern methods of marketing. Commodity exchanges exist in these markets, which provide facilities, for forward trading in specific commodities. These markets are located either in metropolitan cities or in sea-ports – in Bombay, Madras, Calcutta and Delhi.
Seaboard Markets	Markets which are located near the seashore and are meant mainly for the import and/or export of goods are known as seaboard markets. Examples of these markets in India are Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.

 

2. On the Basis of Nature of Transactions:

Spot or Cash Markets:	A market in which goods are exchanged for money immediately after the sale is called the spot or cash market.
Forward Markets:	A market in which the purchase and sale of a commodity takes place at time “t‟ but the exchange of the commodity takes place on some specified date in future i.e., time t + 1.

The correct answer is Winnowing.

Explanation:

• Winnowing is the process of separating quality grains from chaff, especially followed in paddy crop after harvesting of crop.
• The traditional way of winnowing is making the dried grains fall from a height.
• The quality grains which are heavy fall vertically while the weightless chaff and straw get blown away by the wind.
• Winnowing is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain.
• Winnower can be used for separating the grains from chaff mechanically.

Fig. Manual winnowing.

Additional Information

Threshing:

• Threshing is the process of detaching grains from ear heads or from the plants
• Threshing loosens the grains and separates from the stalk
• Threshing can be achieved by three methods namely rubbing, impact and stripping

 

Harvesting:

The cutting of crop after it reaches maturity is called harvesting.

Irrigation:

• Application of water to the soil artifically for crop growth and development is called as Irrigation.
• Water is applied to the soil naturally by rainfall and artificially by irriagtion.

The correct answer is 8 m²

Key points:

• Housing of livestock is essential for maintaining health, comfort and protection for getting maximum production from the animals.
• Availability of sufficiently spacious area allows the animals to move freely and gives them easy access to feed and water.

 

Table.1 Suggested floor space requirement for loose housing as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

	Covered area(m2)	Open area(m2)	Max. Animals in a group
Cow	3.5	7	40
Buffalo	4	8	40
Young stock upto 3 months	1	1.5	1
Young stock upto 3 to 6 months	1	2.5	1
Young stock>6 months	2	4	30
Pregnant cow	4	8	30
Bull	12	20	1

 

Additional Information

• Adequate space is required so that animals have free access to feed and water.
• Mangers and water troughs are constructed with reinforced cement concrete, or brick with cement mortar or stone slabs with cement joining.
• The mangers need to have smooth surfaces for easy cleaning and easy intake of feed by the animals.
• Water depth is kept at a minimum of 3 inches to enable the animal to submerge its muzzle 1 to 2 inches deep in the water trough.
• Separate watering point is provided for every 15 to 20 cows. 

 

Types of Animal	Linear length per animal (metres)	Total manger length (metres per 100 animals)
Adult cows and buffaloes	0.6–0.7	60–75
Calves	0.4–0.5	40–60

The correct answer is Aneuploids.

Explanation:

• The organisms, in which either one or more chromosomes of a chromosome set are either missing or have more copies, are known as Aneuploids.
• Aneuploidy results from irregular meiotic division that leads to unequal distribution of chromosomes to opposite poles.
• Aneuploidy is the second major category of chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal.
• Change in number of chromosomes does not occur as complete set always.
• In some organisms some chromosomes may be over or underrepresented, i.e., they have incomplete set of chromosomes.
• For example, the aneuploid condition 2n−1 is called monosomic (meaning “one chromosome”) because only one copy of some specific chromosome is present instead of the usual two found in its diploid progenitor.
• The aneuploid 2n+1 is called trisomic, 2n−2 is nullisomic, and n+1 is disomic.

 

Additional Information

• The organisms having one or two complete sets of chromosomes are known as Haploids or Diploids.
• Other organisms having more than two sets of chromosomes in each cell are known as Polyploids.
• Depending upon the number of chromosome sets, polyploid are known as triploid (3 sets), tetraploid (4 sets), hexaploid (6 sets), octoploid (8 sets)
• Polyploidy is rare in animal kingdom, it is very common in the plant kingdom.

The correct answer is Both statements are wrong.

Explanation:

• Autogamy is the closest form of inbreeding and leads to homozygosity.
• Allogamy is the common form of outbreeding and leads to heterozygosity.
• Autogamy is also called as Self pollination.
• Allogamy is also known as Cross pollination.

 

Additional Information

• Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of same flower is known as Autogamy.
• Autogamy species develop homozygous balance and do not exhibit significant inbreeding depression
• Bisexuality, Homogamy, Cleistogamy, Chasmogamy and Position of Anthers are different mechanisms promoting Self pollination.
• Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant is called Allogamy.
• Allogamy species develop heterozygous balance and exhibit significant inbreeding depression on selfing.
• Dicliny, Dichogamy, Heterostyly, Herkogamy, Self incompatibility, and Male sterility are different mechanisms promoting Cross pollination.

The correct answer is Heaving.

Explanation:

• Heaving is caused by lifting up of the plants along with soil from its normal position.
• Heaving type of injury is commonly seen in temperate regions.
• The presence of ice crystals increases the volume of soil.
• Heaving causes mechanical lifting of the soil.

 

Additional Information 

• Chilling injury occurs when plants which are adapted to hot climate are exposed to low temperature for some time
• Because of Chilling injury plants are found to be killed or severely injured or development of chloratic condition (yellowing).
• Cholratic bands are found on the leaves of sugarcane, sorghum and maize in winter months when the night temperature is below 20°C.
• Freezing injury occurs when the plants are exposed to very low temperature, water freezes into ice crystals in the intercellular spaces of plants.
• Freezing injury is commonly observed in plants of temperate regions.
• As a result of freezing injury the protoplasm of cell is dehydrated resulting in the death of cells. Ex: Frost damage in potato, tea etc.
• In temperature regions, during the winter season, the ice or snow forms a thick cover on the soil surface.
• As a result, the entry of oxygen is prevented and crop suffers for want of oxygen, such a condition of plant is known as Suffocation.
• Suffocation prevents the respiratory activities of roots leading to accumulation of harmful substances.

Anthrax is caused by a spore - forming bacterium. Bacillus anthracis is a rod - shaped, Gram - positive, aerobic bacterium about 1 by 9 μm in size. It was shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1876 when he took a blood sample from an infected cow, isolated the bacteria and put them into a mouse. The bacterium normally rests in endospore form in the soil, and can survive for decades in this state.

Cultivation of crops along with rearing of animals for meat or milk is called Mixed Farming. For example, the same farm may grow cereal crops, and keep cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry.

By the early 1800s the Ceylonese already had a mere knowledge of coffee. In the 1870s, the area under coffee has been occupied by tea in Ceylon due to Rust diseases. Hemileia vastatrix is a fungus of the order Puccinales (Previously known as uredinales) that causes coffee leaf rust a disease that was devastating to succeptible coffee plantations in Sri Lanka. The death of the coffee industry marked the end of an era when most of the plantations on the island were dedicated to producing coffee beans.

The correct answer is Only 1 is correct.

Explanation:

• Toxicity in acid soils due to excess iron and manganese is decreased by drainage due to the presence of oxygen in root zone
• Drainage permits roots to grow deeper and spread wider thereby increasing the volume of soil from which nutrients can be extracted.
• The provision of a good drainage system permits the removal of excess salts in the soil or irrigation water and prevents their build up in the upper soil layers.
• The removal of excess water helps in drying of the soil quickly and optimum soil temperature permits timeliness of field operations
• The activity of aerobic organisms which influence the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen and sulphur to plants depends on soil aeration and hence, drainage improves aerobic organisms.

 

Additional Information

•  Drainage is the artificial removal of water in excess of the quantity required for the crop.
• Drainage includes removal of excess water of both surface and subsurface in the root zone of crops.
• Irrigation and drainage go together and are not mutually exclusive.
• Irrigation aims at supplying optimum quantities of water throughout the crop period, whereas, drainage aims at removing excess quantity of water in a short time.

 

Characteristics of good drainage system:

• It should be permanent
• It must have adequate capacity to drain the area completely
• There should be minimum interference with cultural operated
• There should be minimum loss of cultivable area
• It should intercept or collect water and remove it quickly within shorter period.

The correct answer is 10%.

Key Points

• Ice cream is a frozen blend of a sweetened cream mixture and air, with added flavorings.
• Ice cream must contain at least 10% milk fat, and at least 20% total milk solids.
• It may  also contain safe and suitable sweeteners, emulsifiers and stabilizers, and flavoring materials.

The correct answer is Chlorine

Key Points

• Chlorine compounds are broad-spectrum germicides.
• Chlorine can act on microbial membranes, inhibit cellular enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, have a lethal effect on DNA and oxidize cellular protein.
• Chlorine is used as a detergent as well as a sanitizer in dairy industries.
• Chlorine is relatively cheap, and leaves minimal residue or film on surfaces.
• It is non-toxic, practically colourless, odourless and tasteless.
• Commonly used chlorine compounds include liquid chlorine, hypochlorites, inorganic chloramines and organic chloramines.
• The activity of chlorine is severely affected by factors such as pH, temperature and organic load.
• It is also relatively resistant to water hardness when compared to other sanitizers.
• The major disadvantage of chlorine compounds is corrosiveness, particularly at higher temperatures to many metal surfaces.
• Health and safety concerns include skin irritation and mucous membrane damage in confined areas.

The correct answer is Loamy loam soil.

Key Points

• Loamy loam soils having Ph between 4.5 to 8.2 are suitable for guava.
• The scientific name of the crop is Psidium Guajava.
• It is grown in both tropical and subtropical locations up to 1500 m above the mean sea level.
• Rainfall required for the guava crop is up to 100cm.

​Important Points

• Guava Crop:
  • It is a Kharif produce, sown in the month of August - September.
  • It is susceptible to severe frost.
  • The crop is sensitive to waterlogging.
  • As per the National Agriculture Board, it is the fourth most important crop after Mango, Banana, and Citrus fruits.
  • Harvest is ready after 2 - 3 years of farming.
• Diseases associated with guava are wilt, fruit canker, fruit rot, anthracnose, grey leaf spot.
• Guava varieties found in Madhya Pradesh includes L-49, Allahabad, Safeda, Gwalior - 27, Hafshi, Seedless, Chittidar.
• In Madhya Pradesh, the growing belt for guava crop includes Jabalpur, Ujjain, Hoshangabad, Khargaon, Badwani, Indore, and Shivpuri.

Additional Information

• Horticulture is the cultivation, production, and role of vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbs, ornamental or exotic plants.
• M.S. Marigowda is considered the father of Indian horticulture.
• National Horticulture Board was set up in 1984 on the basis of recommendations of 'Group on Perishable Agricultural Commodities' headed by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
  • It is Headquartered at Gurugram.
• The mission for the Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) is a centrally sponsored scheme for the holistic growth of the Agri sector.
• The total horticulture production has increased from 211.2 million tonnes in 2007-08 to 311.71 million tonnes in 2018-19.
• India ranks 2nd in the world in terms of Horticulture production.
  • India ranks 1st in the production of Banana, Mango, Lime & Lemon, Papaya, and Okra.

The correct answer is 3 - 4 kg seed.

• Sesamum indicum belongs to family Pedaliaceae.
• Origin: India.
• Sesamum crop contains 18-20% protein and 50% oil.
• For planting one hectare usually 3 - 4 kg seed is required.
• Spacing: 40 x 15 cm.

 

Additional Information

• Generally cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
• Ideal temperature for sesame cultivation is between 25 - 27°C.
• Critical stage of irrigation is 4 - 5 leaf stage, flowering and pod formation.
• Average yield: 8 - 10 q/ha.

The correct answer is Oestrum.

Oestrus cycle:

1. Proestrum: 2 days. 

• Period of building up growth of Graffian Follicle which helps for the nourishment of ovum fluid contains hormone called "oestrogen‟.
• This marks the animal coming in heat.
• It causes changes in uterus, blood supply.

 

2. Oestrum: 1 day. 

• Shortest part of estrus cycle​. 
• ​During which the female is ready to receive male.
• ​This is the period of desire.

​

3. Metoestrum : 4 days.

•  Implantation of the embryo takes place.
• Corpus luteum takes place.
• Prevents the growth of graffian follicle thereby arrests oestrus cycle.

 

4. Diestrum : 14 days.

• Longest part of estrus cycle​
• Further development of uterus takes place.
• If the animal has not conceived, involution of uterus take place.

The correct answer is 0.02-0.002 mm.

• Classification of Soil Particles based on size-

Classification	ISSS	USDA
Stone	>250	>250
Gravels	2-75	2-75
Very coarse sand	-	1.0-2.0
Coarse sand	2-2.0	0.1-0.25
Fine sand	0.2-0.002	0.002-0.05
Very Fine sand	-	0.05-0.1
Silt	0.02-0.002	0.002-0.05
Clay	<0.002	<0.002

The correct answer is Bhdhwari.

• Bhadhwari
• Origin- Uttar Pradesh.
• Synonym- Nil
• Body Weight-
  • Male- 475 kg
  • Female- 380 kg
• Milk yield- 1000kg/lactation.
• Age at first calving- 50 months.
• Fat%- 6-12 (Highest fat %).

The correct answer is Milk fever.

• It is a disease that is caused due to insufficient calcium, commonly occurring around calving.
• This disease is also known as hypocalcaemia.
• Milk fever generally occurs within the first 24 hours post-calving, but can still occur two to three days post-calving.
• Magnesium plays a vital role in the prevention of milk fever.
• Once a cattle has calved, a cow’s calcium requirements increase by around 400 per cent to support colostrum production.

The Correct Answer is ​Industrial Agriculture.

Additional Information

• Intensive Agriculture: The Cultivation practice where one can obtain a high yield per unit area.
• As farmers use fertilizers and pest controls to a great extent, especially where irrigation facilities are available.
• They also try to sow the seeds of high yielding with modern farming methods by using machinery.
• In some areas, this is also known as industrial agriculture. 

The Correct Answer is 45%.

Important Points

• The solid phase is made of minerals, organic matter, and various chemical compounds. 
• Soil Components (Composition of soil on volume basis): ​

 

Component	Percentage
Mineral Matter	45%
Organic Matter	5%
Soil Water	25%
Soil Air	25%

The Correct Answer is Saltation.

Important Points

• The wind is responsible for three types of soil movement in the process of wind erosion.
• They are known as:​

1. ​Saltation
2. Suspension
3. Surface creep

The Correct Answer is Lycopene.

Key Points

• Tomato: Seed rate - 350-400g/ha for normal tomato, and 100-150g/ha for hybrids.
• Important varieties – Parker (Fruit borer resistant), Pusa ruby, Arka Vikas, Pusa Gaurav, Arka Vikas, Pusa Sheetal (winter season),  Roma (suitable for processing), Hisarlalit (nematode resistant).
• Leaf curl diseases is transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).
• Major paste of tomato is fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera).
• The red color of the tomato is due to lycopene.
• Fruit cracking in tomatoes is due to boron deficiency. 

The Correct Answer is Eluviation.

Additional Information

• Eluviation: It is the mobilization and translocation of certain constituents viz. Clay, Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, humus, CaCO3, other salts, etc. from one point of soil body to another.
• Eluviation means washing out.
• The A horizon provides the best environment for the growth of plant roots, microorganisms, and other life.
• The A  horizon is the zone of greatest eluviation.

The Correct Answer is Sheet Erosion.

Additional Information

• Soil erosion caused by rainfall is the result of the application of energy from two distinct sources.
• Soil erosion caused by water can be distinguished in different forms:
• Splash Erosion: It is the removal of soil particles due to raindrops.
• Sheet Erosion: Removing of a thin and uniform covering of top surface soil from large areas, often from entire fields, more or less, during every rain which produces a run-off.
• Rill Erosion: When runoff starts, the soil is lost from small channels or rills by water.

• Gully Erosion: Gullies are formed due to excessive rill erosion. 

The correct answer is Grading.

• Grading is a farm of out crossing, where in bulls of a distinct breed are bred on non descript cows from generation to generation, so that in course of time a populations essentially resembling the breed from which the bulls are used.
• After 5-6 generations the off springs will have 96.9 and 98.3% of the hereditary characters of "Pure Breed".
• So grading is a process by which a few "Pure Breed‟ sires can rather quickly transform local variety of animals into a "Group‟ resembling the pure breed.

The Correct Answer is All of the above.

Additional Information

• Wool is practically pure protein and contains Sulphur containing amino acids.
• The primary nutritive requirements for wool production are:
• Protein: Must be sulfur-containing as fed or as synthesized in the rumen. 
• Energy: This must be in the form of net energy and can come from any feed energy source. 
• Potassium: This mineral is an essential component of the suint in wool. It is more than adequate in most ordinary rations.
• Other minerals and vitamins

The Correct Answer is White Leghorn. 

Key Points

• Poultry breeds: 

Name	Native	Feature
Red Cornish	England	Famous in America for meat
Aseel	UP	Famous for fighting sports
White Leghorn	Italy	Highest eggs production breed in the world
Kadaknath	MP	Black colored meat

​ 

The Correct Answer is Aseel.

Important Points

The Correct Answer is Cornish and New Hampshire.

Important Points

• Meat-producing breeds are very efficient at converting feed to meat, producing approximately one pound of body weight for every two pounds of feed they eat.
• A popular meat-producing breed is a Cornish breed.
• The Cornish game hen is a cross between the Cornish and the New Hampshire or Plymouth Rock breeds.
• These are broad-breasted and larger than the laying breeds.
• They grow and feather rapidly and will weigh five pounds or more at eight weeks.

 

The correct answer is Curd.

• Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis) belongs to family Brassicaceae.
• Its origin is from Mediterranean region.
• It is thermosensitive plant.
• Fruit of cauliflower is known as Curd.
• Optimum temp. for curd initiation is 17 - 20°C.
• Required pH range is 5.5 - 6.6.
• Varities are Puas early synthetic, Kashi kunwari, Puas deepali, Pusa sharad, Pusa snowball.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 4.

• Pectin test determines whether juice contains enough natural pectin to form a gel.

 

1. ​Jelmeter test:

• A jelmeter is a graduated glass tube with an opening at each end.
• It is used to determine the amount of pectin in fruit juice.
• The rate of flow of the juice through this tube is used as a measure of the jellying power of the juice.
• Therefore, it is an index to the amount of sugar to be used.
• Jelmeters were once commonly available, but are not easy to find today, most likely because the alcohol test is more reliable.

 

2. Alcohol test (extracted juice only):

• 1 teaspoon cooked, cooled juice is mixed with 1 Tablespoon (3 teaspoons) denatured alcohol (70% rubbing alcohol, not safe for drinking).
• The mixture is briefly shaken inside of a container and then poured onto the plate.
• Juice low in pectin will form small particles of jelly-like substance that is significantly weaker.

The correct answer is 10 - 15.

• The capacity of the soil to hold cation is called cation exchange capacity (CEC).
• It is also defined as “the amount of cationic species bound at pH 7.0”.
• The unit is C mol (P⁺) / kg.
• Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn are cation nutrients.

 

• CEC of different textural classes:

Sand	0 - 5 C mol (P+) / kg
Sandy loam	5 - 10 C mol (P+) / kg
Loam	10 - 15 C mol (P+) / kg
Clay loam	15 - 30 C mol (P+) / kg
Clay	30 C mol (P+) / kg

The Correct Answer is Amniocentesis. 

Additional Information

• Amniocentesis: It is a medical procedure used primarily in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections as well as for sex determination. In this procedure, a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus.
• Ectogenesis (from the Greek ecto, "outer," and genesis) is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host.
• Transplantation: any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells.

 

Terrace farming is a method of farming, carried out on hill slope areas, to slows down the speed of the water running down the mountains. It is the Practice of cutting flat areas out of slopes of hills and mountains in order to grow crops like wheat, tea, coffee, etc. 

The correct answer is 5.5 - 4.0 - 2.0%

• Night soil is human excreta both solid and liquid.
• It contains 5.5% N, 4.0% P₂O₅ and 2.0% K₂O.
• The dehydration of night soil, such as or after admixture with absorbing materials.
• Examples: Ash, charcoal and sawdust produces a poudrette that can be used easily as a manure.
• Poudrette contains 1.32% N, 2.8% P2O5 and 4.1% K2O.

The Correct Answer is the Rainy season.

Additional Information

• Ranikhet: Virus- Para myxoviridae
• A very important disease affecting poultry.
• The rainy season in India has been found to be more favourable for the occurrence and spread of the disease.
• Peracute- without symptoms and sudden death.
• In a typical outbreak, depression is observed, characterised by prostration, closed eyes, drooping wings and loss of appetite.
• There is usually greenish or yellowish diarrhoea.

The Correct Answer is Pre-emergence.

Key Points

• Based on Time of application herbicides are mainly of three types: 
• Pre-plant application: Application of herbicides before the crop is planted or sown. Soil application, as well as a foliar application, is done here. For example, fluchloralin can be applied to the soil and incorporated before sowing rainfed groundnut while glyphosate can be applied on the foliage of perennial weeds like Cyperus rotundus before planting any crop.
• Pre–emergence: Application of herbicides before a crop or weed has emerged. In the case of annual crops, the application is done after the sowing of the crop but before the emergence of weeds and this is referred to as pre-emergence to the crop while in the case of perennial crops it can be said as pre-emergence to weeds.
• e.g. Atrazine, Pendimethalin, Butachlor, Thiobencarb, Pretilachlor
• Post–emergence: Herbicide application after the emergence of crop or weed is referred to as a post-emergence application.
• For example, spraying 2, 4-D Na salt to control parasitic weed Striga in sugarcane is called post-emergence while spraying of paraquat to control emerged weeds after 10-15 days after planting potato can be called early post-emergence. e.g. Glyphosate, Paraquat, 2,4-D Na Salt.

The correct answer is 5%

• Urea most commonly used N fertilizer contains 46% N.
• It is hygroscopic therefore produced in granular /pellet form.
• Maximum biuret < 1.5% according to Fertilizer Control Board (FCO).
• When applying to soil, the urea fertilizer application rate varies according to the plant and season. 
• However, the solution for a foliar spray is different; it is generally a solution of 0.5 and 2% urea in water and can go up to 5%

The correct answer is 34.2%

• In India, yield losses due to weeds are more than those from pest and diseases.
• Every crop is exposed to severe competition from weeds.
• Most of these weeds are self-sown and they provide competition caused by their faster rate of growth in the initial stages of crop growth.
• In some crops, the yields are reduced by more than 50% due to weed infestation.
• Loss in crop yields due to weeds:

 

Crop	Reduction in yields due to weeds (%)
Rice	41.6
Wheat	16.0
Onion	68.0
Maize	39.8
Soybean	30.5
Groundnut	33.8

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

• Fertile soil has the following characteristics:

1. It is rich in nutrients necessary for basic plant nourishment like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
2. It consists of adequate minerals such as boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, sulphur and zinc and promote plant nutrition.
3. It contains soil organic matter that improves the structure of the soil and enables the soil to retain more moisture.
4. The soil pH is in the range 6.0 to 6.8.
5. It has a good soil structure which results in well-drained soil.
6. It consists of a variety of micro-organisms that support plant growth.
7. It often contains large amounts of topsoil.

The correct answer is 352 mm Hg.

1. Machine milking:

• A calf and the machine do the harvesting of milk in a similar fashion.
• The function of the tongue, dental pallet and jaw movement of the calf is done by the inflation tube, pulsator and vacuum pump.
• Milk removal is largely dependent upon the differential pressure across the teat canal.
• The total differential pressure created by the milking machine is approximately 352 mm Hg, in the case of cattle and 400 mm Hg.in the case of buffaloes.
• The pressure facilitates the expulsion of milk from the canal.

The correct answer is All of these.

1. The various steps suggested to maintain varietal purity:

• Use of approved seed only in seed multiplication.
• Inspection and approval of fields prior to planting.
• Field inspection and approval of growing crops at critical stages for verification of genetic purity, detection of mixtures, weeds, and for freedom from noxious weeds and seed borne diseases.
• Sampling and sealing of cleaned lots.
• Growing of samples of potentially approved stocks for comparison with authentic stocks.

The correct answer is Bhadawari.

• Commonly found in Agra and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh.
• The body is medium size and wedge shaped. 
• The body is usually light or copper coloured is a peculiarity of this breed.
• Two white lines ‘Chevron’ are present at the lower side of the neck similar to that of surti buffaloes.
• The average milk yield is 800 to 100 kg. 
• The fat content varies from 6 - 12.5%

The correct answer is Mango.

1. Maturity indices in mango:

• ​When one or two ripe fruits fall from the tree naturally (Tapka stage).
• Specific gravity (1.0 - 1.02 for Alphonso & less than 1.0 for dashehari).
• White powdery-like appearance on the skin of mature mango.
• Change in fruit shape (fullness of the cheeks).
• Days to fruit set (110 - 125 days for Alphonso and Pairi).
• Change in skin color from dark-green to light-green to yellow (in some cultivars).
• Red color on the skin of some cultivars is not a dependable maturity index.
• TSS 12 - 15%
• Change in flesh colour from greenish-yellow to yellow to orange.

The correct answer is Citrus.

• The seeds of most citrus spp. are recalcitrant.
• Their viability during storage varies depending upon species and storage conditions.
• Serious loss of seedlings in the seedbed and nursery from infection of fungi Phytophthora has been reported.
• Therefore seed should be treated with a fungicide like Bavistin to reduce the infection.
• Seeds should be sown as early as possible after extraction since citrus seeds give the highest germination if planted immediately after extraction.

The correct answer is statements 1, 3 and 4 are correct.

Key Points

• T he arrangement of the animals within a shed depends upon the number of animals to be accommodated.
• It is advised to have a single row system when the number of animals is up to 10.
• When the number of animals exceeds 10, the double row system is preferred.
• In double row housing, either the cattle face out from each other (tail-to-tail system) or face in towards each other (head-to-head system).

 

Tail to Tail system of housing:

• In Tail to Tail system of housing, the animals are tied in the shed in opposite direction.
• The cleaning of sheds and milking of cows is easy and chances of disease transmission from animal to animal are also reduced in this system of housing.
• Problems in hind quarters of animals can be detected easily, as compared to loose system of housing.
• Animals get fresh air directly and the milking process can be effectively supervised.

 

Head to Head system of Housing:

• In Head to Head system of Housing, animals are tied in such a way that they stand facing each other.
• This makes it easy for the animals to go to their stalls, and feed with ease, thus enabling better management.
• The morning sunlight falls maximum on the gutter, which improves the overall hygiene of the shed.

The correct answer is Parthenium.

• Parthenium weed grows anywhere whether it is in an agricultural land, forests or even in semi-urban towns or metropolitan cities.
• It releases chemicals to supress the growth of the plants and allergents toxic to other livestock.
• If the spread of this menacing weed is not controlled, its silent occupation not only threatens the agricultural output of the country, but also poses grave danger to public health.
• This can only be done on a war footing by involving communities in urban areas, semi-urban areas and villages to take it up as a movement to eradicate parthenium.
• Otherwise the adverse impact it has on our agricultural and horticultural yield can have irreversible impact on farming and the health of the society as a whole.

The correct answer is Soil structure.

• The arrangement and organization of primary and secondary particles in a soil mass is known as soil structure.
• Soil structure controls the amount of water and air present in soil.
• Plant roots and germinating seeds require sufficient air and oxygen for respiration.
• Bacterial activities also depend upon the supply of water and air in the soil.
• It tells how the soil affects the movement of water, air and root penetration into the soil.
• It is denoted in order of Grade, Class and Type (GCT).