Scope & Importance of Livestock Production Test - 1

The correct answer is 5½ months.

Explanation:

• Egg production starts in poultry starts at the age of 21^st weeks i.e., usually of 5-51/2 months age.
• Sometimes egg production starts at the age of 19^th or 20^th week because additional night lighting is given to growers indiscriminately even after six weeks of age and it is not desirable for growing eggs.
• If egg-laying starts early, they will be smaller in size
• Lighting provided to growers, Strain of the bird, and quality of feed are two other factors influencing age at the start of the lay of eggs.

Additional Information

 Age at sexual maturity, Bodyweight at maturity, Egg number, Egg weight, Feed efficiency, and livability are economic traits of layers.

Bodyweight

• Bodyweight decides feed efficiency, egg number, and egg weight
• The bodyweight of layers at the start of lay has to be optimal; it should neither below nor high
• Low body weight indicates poor growth of egg forming female reproductive tract, which in turn will result in poor egg production and egg weight
• Higher body weight at maturity will lead to higher feed consumption and reduced persistency 

Egg Number:

• Commercial hybrid layers produce around 300-310 eggs in one year from 21-72 weeks of age.

Egg Weight:

• It varies from 52-56 g on an average
• Egg weight is mainly dependent on the body weight of the birds
• Birds at a later stage of production are comparatively older, heavier, and lay larger sized eggs
• The first egg in a clutch (a series of eggs laid daily without a break) is always heavier than other eggs in the series

Feed Efficiency:

• Feed Efficiency denotes the efficiency of conversion of feed into the egg.
• Feed efficiency of layers is calculated in terms of conversion into a number of eggs (per dozen eggs) or weight of eggs (per kg egg mass)

Livability:

• Strain, feed quality, litter management, vaccination schedule, and other disease control measures, disease outbreaks, layout and design of poultry houses, climate, biosecurity measures adopted, dead bird and manure disposal, parent breeder management, and hatchery sanitation, etc. all influence livability levels in layers
• Percent livability is worked out separately for each of the three stages of layer management viz. in   Brooder (0-8 weeks), Grower (9-20 weeks), and Layer (21-72 weeks) stages
• Permissible levels of mortality during these stages are 4%, 2-3%, and 6-8% respectively
• Accordingly, livability levels of 96%, 96-97%, and 92-94% are prescribed as optimal for these stages independently of each other

The correct answer is Sheep.

Explanation:

• Synchronizing estrus in sheep is done to bring the ewes into heat at an earlier time for breeding and thus getting lambs for a certain time period.
• Estrus synchronization in sheep can help reduce strain on rams and provide a shorter, more consistent lambing season window to increase efficiency and reduce labor.
• Estrus synchronization in sheep is the act of preventing ewes from cycling naturally by introducing progesterone or a progesterone derivative into the vaginal vault of the ewe.
• This in turn tricks the ewes’ body into believing that she is pregnant and thus keeps her from cycling normally.

Additional Information

•  Other reasons to synchronize estrus in sheep could be to group estrus to reduce strain on your ram battery, tighten the lambing season to reduce labor over a long period 
•  Once the progesterone is removed, the ewe will cycle usually within a 48-hour window creating a synchronized estrus.
• Proper nutrition is key for successful estrus synchronization in sheep.
•  If the ewes are too thin, they will not respond to the synchronization agent as reproduction will not replace the ewes’ natural survival instinct

The correct answer is Milk production Key Points

• Operation Flood launched on 13 January 1970
• It was the world's largest dairy development program and
• A landmark project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
• Operation Flood was started by Dr Verghese Kurien in India, to increase milk production and milk products on a large scale.
• This is also known as the white revolution.
• Transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer.

Important Points

​Operation Flood's objectives included:

• Increase milk production ("a flood of milk")
• Augment rural incomes
• Reasonable prices for consumers

• Phase I (1970-1980)
• Phase II (1981-85)
• Phase III (1985-1996)

The correct answer is Statement l, lll and lV are correct 

Key Points 

• The maintenance required for bullocks is 1.5 kg concentrate.
• Bullocks having 300 kg bodyweight engaged in heavy work should feed 2.5 kg and in case of normal work need 2 kg.
• The power  rating of full-grown pure  Indian drought breed is 0.70 hp and the average is 0.5 hp only.

​

Additional Information

• Heavy work = 8 hours (Ploughing, pulling loaded cart etc.)
• Normal work = 2 - 4 hours.

​

The correct answer is Carotene converted to Vitamin A Key PointsBuffalo meat contains white fat as Carotene converted to Vitamin A.White fat in meat

• This type of fat comes from grain-fed cows and is usually A-grade beef and comes from younger cows.
• There is barely any beta-carotene in grain which is used in the feedlots for cattle.
• This means the cattle will not have a yellow fat tinge, but rather a more “natural” white colour.

​ Additional Information

• Cattle finished (fed in a feedlot) on barley have very white fat. Cattle finished on corn have yellowish fat.
• Fat colour is assessed on the intermuscular fat at the quartering site and scoring is measured using the AUS-MEAT fat colour standards ranging from 0 (white) to 7 (yellow).
• Yellow fat is less desirable.

The animal gets swelling on hindquarters, shoulders, and neck, limps and on pressing the affected parts, makes a crepitating sound in the disease: Black quarter

Key Points

Black quarter:

Symptoms:

• Sudden high fever (107 ̊ F-108 ̊ F) and the animal stops eating and ruminating.
• Characteristic hot and painful swelling develops on the loin.
• The animal dies within 24- 48 hours of the appearance of symptoms.

Treatment:

• Penicillium is the drug of choice for treatment.
• The treatment is only effective in the early stages as a control measure.

Additional Information 

The correct answer is the 40°C  Key Points

• Cream separator, a machine for separating and removing cream from whole milk; its operation is based on the fact that skim milk (milk with no butterfat) is heavier than cream. 
• Regulating the cream discharge opening (affecting the flow) by adjusting the cream screw, we can maintain the desired fat % in cream. The ideal temperature for separation is 35°- 45°C. 

Additional Information A separator is a centrifugal device that separates milk into cream and skimmed milk.

Centrifugal separation

• Centrifugal separation is the most commonly used method in modern dairies.
• In this method, milk is fed into the rapidly spinning bowl, at the centre of the discs.
• Milk distributes itself in the space between the parallel discs rotating at high speed creating centrifugal force.
• The heavier of the two products, namely, the skim milk is thrown to the periphery of the bowl,
• Whereas the lighter one, i.e., fat gathers in the central portion.
• The incoming milk forces the separating layers from the bottom and out at the top of the bowl.
• Two passages are provided at the top of the bowl for skim milk and cream to pass out of the bowl.

The correct answer is 72°C for 15 seconds Key Points

• Plate pasteurizer is also called flash pasteurizer or HTST pasteurizer.
• for HTST 72°C for 15 seconds is recommended.
• It is used for less viscous liquids like apple juices, milk, liquid egg products, wines etc.

Advantages:

•  Interchangeable parts for easy cleaning and maintenance.
•  Can have additional heat transfer plates added if required.
•  Compact Design.
•  Larger Sizes Available.

​Additional Information

The correct answer is 45°C Key Points

• Semen is usually collected with a conventional bovine by artificial vagina (AV); alternatively, bovine electroejaculation can also be used.
• Either a female or a castrated or intact male buffalo can be used as the teaser.
• The temperature of the water jacket of the AV should be about 42° to 46°C
• And the pressure within the AV should be adjusted to suit individual bulls.
• The normal ejaculate collected with an AV is milky white to creamy in colour and varies from 1 to 6 mL in volume, with a sperm concentration of 500 to 1500 million cells/mL.

 Additional Information

• The mass activity and individual motility of buffalo spermatozoa are lower than those in cattle.
• The parameters of semen quality are affected by precoital sexual excitement, the number of false mounts, age, the season of the year, frequency of collection, diet, and fitness of the bull.
• The temperature/humidity index adversely affects the volume of semen produced, depresses sperm concentration and initial motility, and increases the production of dead and abnormal spermatozoa.
• The decline in serum thyroxine during the summer months depresses feed intake and metabolism and thus decreases sperm production.
• Similarly, increased body temperature has adverse effects on initial motility and the number of dead spermatozoa in the ejaculate.
• Bulls with obvious testicular asymmetry yield considerably fewer spermatozoa per ejaculate.
• The presence of pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas spp. and E. coli, can reduce sperm motility and increase the dead sperm percentage.

The correct answer is DiacetylKey Points

• Artificial butter flavouring is used to give a food the taste and smell of butter.
• It may contain diacetyl, acetyl propionyl, or acetoin, three natural compounds in butter that contribute to its characteristic taste and smell.
• The lung disease bronchiolitis obliterans is attributed to prolonged exposure to diacetyl, e.g. in an industrial setting.
• The disease has been called "popcorn worker's lung" or "popcorn lung" because it was first seen in former workers of a microwave popcorn factory in Missouri.

Additional Information

• In 2007, artificial butter flavouring (ABF) and two major volatile constituents, diacetyl and acetoin, were nominated by the United Food and Commercial Workers Union for long-term inhalation testing for respiratory toxicity, general toxicity, and carcinogenicity.
• Because NIOSH was conducting studies of an artificial butter flavouring formulation, NTP research focused on diacetyl, acetoin, and related flavouring components.