Care & Management of Livestock Production Test - 1

The correct answer is Cross Breeding.

Explanation:

• Cross breeding is mating of two individuals from different breeds.
• Cross breeding is done to exploit hybrid vigor or heterosis.
• Breed represents tremendous resources of varying genetic material. 
• Crossbreeding has been used in recent years to establish a broad genetic base in the development of new breeds or synthetics: one or two crosses between the two or more populations are made in order to produce a single population of animals containing genes from each of the population involved.
• The main guidelines to be followed in crossing to produce a synthetic are:
  • Ensure that the animals used in the original crossings have been intensely selected in terms of relevant characters; it is of no use starting a synthetic with inferior animals.
  • Maximise variance in breeding values amongst the foundation animals in the synthetics using as many unrelated animals as possible from each of the contributing populations.
• Once a synthetic has been formed then the main aim is to improve it as rapidly as possible by selection within it.

Additional Information

Out Breeding: 

• Outbreeding is the mating of animals that are less closely related to each other than the average population.
• Its general effects are the opposite of those of inbreeding.
• Outbreeding increases the heterozygosity of the individual.
• The maximum practical usefulness of outbreeding systems is the production of animals for the market.
• Outbreeding systems are broadly classified as Cross breeding, Out Crossing, Top crossing, Line crossing, Grading, and Species Hybridization.

Galactopiosis is the Maintenance of lactation.

Key Points

Galactopiosis helps in the maintenance of lactation.

• Galactopiosis is the maintenance of lactation once the lactation has been established.
• Two key interrelated components contribute to the maintenance of lactation, galactopoietic hormones, and the removal of accumulated milk.

The major advantage of weaning cows is to get clean milk.

 Key Points

• Weaning is the practice of separating calves from their source of milk.
• Weaning is the withdrawal of access to milk; this process gradually accustoms the young to accepting an adult diet.

Advantages of weaning:

• Dams of early-weaned calves are in better condition at calving and carry over to the breeding season.
• Calves can be fed to grow to their genetic potential when forage conditions are not optimal for the dam.

The correct answer is Cow Key PointsOngole

• It is a dual-purpose breed of cow 
• Pure white in colour
• It is a prominent dual-purpose breed of Andhra Pradesh.
• The breed got its name from its geographical area of origin, i.e. Ongole.
• The breed is also known as “Nellore” as the Ongole area was earlier in the Nellore district.
•  The breed can be identified visibly by its majestic gait, stumpy horns and large fan-shaped and fleshy dewlap.
• The breed produces moderate milk with an average of 798 kg per lactation
• An average fat percentage of 3.79%.

The correct answer is Statement I is correct and statement II is wrong.

Key Points

• Drinking water, Intraocular-Intranasal installation, spray vaccine, Wing web puncture method, Feather follicle method, and subcutaneous injection are different modes of administrating vaccine in the poultry. 
• Ranikhet’s Disease vaccine for strain “K” is administered through subcutaneous injection.
• Ranikhet’s Disease vaccine for strain “Lasota” is administered through the water.

Additional Information 
Ranikhet Disease:

• The most dreadful viral disease in poultry is caused by Para Myxo Viridae.
• The rainy season is most favorable for the growth and spread of this disease.
• It is a pre-acute disease, without showing any symptoms death can occur.
• Symptoms of the disease are
  • Drooping wings and loss of appetite.
  • Greenish or yellowish diarrhea.
  • Sometimes in neural form, there may be twitching of the neck,
  • In-coordination or even paralysis.
  • Egg production drops and sometimes-soft shelled or shell-less eggs may be laid.
  • Respiratory distress may be observed.
• Prevention and control:
  • Chicks should be vaccinated with “F strain” or “Lasota” strain on the first day or within 5 days after hatch and with a booster dose at 8-10 weeks.
  • RDVK strain is usually administered at 8 weeks of age.
  • In layer flocks, a booster dose of the Ranikhet vaccine is given every 2 months.
  • Before Ranikhet disease vaccination the birds should be Dewormed.

The correct answer is 15 kg of pig faeces

Key Points

For producing 1m ³ of biogas i.e. 34 cubic feet of biogas, the quantity of livestock dung and poultry droppings are required are

• 32 kg of cow dung (or)
• 15 kg of pig feces (or)
• 12 kg of poultry dropping is required.

Additional Information

• 1 m³ of slurry fed to the biogas plant produces on an average 0.15 to 0.20 m3 of biogas daily.
• Based on equivalent effective heat produced 2 m³ biogas plant replaces in a month fuel equivalent of 26 kg of LPG contained in a standard gas cylinder or 37 liters of kerosene or 88 kg of charcoal or 210 kg of fuelwood or 740 kg of animal dung.
• The power generated from 83 million draught animals is equivalent to 30,000 million watts in terms of electric power.

Biogas

• Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by microorganisms during the anaerobic fermentation of biodegradable materials.
• Anaerobic fermentation is a biochemical process in which particular kinds of bacteria digest biomass in an oxygen-free environment
• Biogas is a mixture of CH4, CO2, H2, and traces of other gases along with decomposed mass

Composition of Biogas:

The correct answer is All are correct.

Explanation:

Deep Litter system:

• In a deep litter system, the birds are totally confined to the house and are not given the opportunity of running out in the open.
• Litter materials of organic nature and the capability to absorb moisture from the litter should be used as bedding material in poultry houses.
• Coir pith, Paddy husk, Ground Nut, Sawdust, Wood shavings, straw chopping, paper straw chopping, and sugarcane baggage can be used as Litter materials for bedding purposes in deep litter systems of housing.
• The depth of material is usually 3-5 inches.
• The Moisture level of litter material should be less than 15%.

Additional Information

• Availability of Vitamin B2 and B12 by the litter through bacterial action.
• Land requirement is minimum; the floor space requirement of a bird in a deep litter system is 1sq.ft in a deep litter system.
• Easy and economic management of birds.
• Scientific feeding and management of birds.
• High degree of supervision.
• Minimum Labour requirement
• The decomposed litter can be used as a fertilizer for plants after a year (The bedding material should be changed after an year in the housing).

The correct answer is Both statements are correct. Key Points

• Floor space for 0-3 week old birds should be 1/4 sq. ft/bird.
• The brooding temperature should be 95ºC for 1st and week 90ºC for 2 nd week.

Additional InformationBrooding temperature of poultry birds

Floor space 

• 1/4 sq. ft/bird for 0-3 weeks
• 1/2 sq. ft/bird for 4-8 weeks

Feeder space

• 0-3 week 1"
• 4-8 weeks 2"

The correct answer is Statements I, II, III and IV are correct. Key Points

• Hypocalcaemia and tympanites (bloat impaction) are dietary diseases and these are non-contagious in nature.
• Bacterial diseases anthrax and brucellosis in cattle are contagious in nature and also affect human health.
• In case of contagious disease, the infected cattle should be kept in isolation is called culling.

Additional Information

Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Key Points

Statement I: Deep litter system and cage system are the free-range systems of poultry raring- this is a wrong statement.

The deep litter system and cage system are the Intensive systems of poultry rearing.

Cage system:

• The cage system of rearing birds has been considered a super intensive system.
• This system provides an area of 450- 525 sq. cm per bird.
• In the cage, the birds are kept in one, two, or three per cage, arranged in single or double, or triple rows.

Deep litter system:

• The deep litter system is the Intensive system for poultry rearing
• A deep litter system for chickens is an indigenous system of raising chickens whereby, chickens are raised on the floor covered with some specific type of material called beddings/ litter materials to prevent direct contact with birds and the bare floor.

Statement II: Ranikhet disease is a virally transmitted disease- this is a correct statement.

Causal organism: Virus (Para myxo viridae)

It is an important disease in poultry on rainy days

As it was first found in Newcastle upon Tyne District of England, it was named New Castle Disease.

Symptoms:

• Depression in animals, closed eyes, drooping wings, and loss of appetite.
• Respiration distress and thin shell/shell-less eggs in severe cases.

Control:

• Chicks should be vaccinated with F strain on 1^st day or within 5 days of birth.
• Booster dose at 8- 10 weeks (booster dose given in every 2 months)