Irrigation & Drainage Test - 1

The correct answer is 1974.

• The Haryana Canal and Drainage Act, 1974, was extended to the whole of the State of Haryana.
• Under this act, all canal, channels, and reservoirs constructed, maintained or controlled by the State Government for the supply of water.
• All drains, works, embankments, and structures, connected with drains, maintained or controlled by the State Government.
• All tube wells, field drains are maintained by the state government.

About Haryana

• Capital - Chandigarh
• 1st Chief Minister - Bhagwat Dayal Sharma (Indian National Congress)
• 1st Governor - Dharma Vira

The correct answer is Duty of water.

• Duty of water is the form of expression for the quantity of water required for irrigation to bring a crop to maturity.
• It gives a relation between the volume of water and the area of the crops that are harvested.
• It includes consumptive use, evaporation and seepage from ditches and canals and the water eventually returned to streams by percolation and surface runoff.

• Irrigation is the artificial process of applying controlled amounts of water to land to assist in the production of crops, but also to grow landscape plants and lawns, where it may be known as watering. Hence statement 1 is Correct.
• Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Hence statement 2 is Correct.

The correct answer is the flow channel.

Key Points

• Flow channel
  • These are also called gravity irrigation.
  • It is the type of irrigation in which water is available at a higher level to enable supply to the land by gravity flow. Hence, Option 4 is correct.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Drip Irrigation system

Explaination:

• The term consumptive use implies the total water required for all plant processes.
• In drip irrigation system, precise amount of water that is equal to the daily consumptive use of the plant or the depleted soil water that change with crop growth stages and whether conditions is applied.
• Drip irrigation is also called as Trickle Irrigation.
• Drip irrigation is the method of applying filtered water (also water soluble fertilizers) onto or into the soil near the plant roots at a low discharge rate with the help of drippers or emitters.
• The operating pressure of drip irrigation system is small compared to sprinkler irrigation method and it varies from 1-2 kg/cm² or 20-200 Kpa.
• Apart from Drip irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation system also delivers water for consumptive use.

Additional Information

Irrigation: 

• Irrigation is defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land, in accordance with the crop water requirement throughout the crop period for full fledged nourishment of the crops.

Furrow irrigation system:

• Furrow irrigation method is a class of surface irrigation, in furrow irrigation method field is divided into furrows and ridges where water is applied in furrows and crops are grown on ridges.
• Furrow irrigation method is primarily used for Vegetable crops.
• As vegetable crops were sensitive to excess water, this method avoids plant to come in contact with water.

Flood Irrigation method:

• Flood irrigation or uncontrolled surface flooding is a method in which water is applied to the field without any bunds to guide the flow of water wetting the soil surface completely.
• Flood irrigation method is usually practised when water is abundantly available and where land levelling is not followed.
• Flood irrigation method is practised for crops sown by broadcasting method namely rice, low value pastures, lawns and millets etc.

Check-basin irrigation method:

• In check-basin method of irrigation, field is divided into square or rectangular plots guided by bunds on all sides.
•  In check basin method of irrigation, field channels supply water to each basin, and basins are filled to desired depth and water is retained until it infiltrates in the soil.
• Check basin irrigation is done on nearly levelled lands hence the depth of wetting is uniform.
• Check basin irrigation is widely used for crops like groundnut, finger millet, sorghum, vegetable crops.

The correct answer is Drip irrigation.

• Drip irrigation/ trickle irrigation is defined as the precise but slow application of water as discrete drops or continuous drops through mechanical devices, called emitters.
• It comprises a mainline, sub mains, valves (to control flow), drippers or emitters, pressure gauges, etc.  This designed as such to supply water to the plant at the desired rate (1-10 lt per hr)

Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Key Points

Statement I: Surge irrigation method is also known as ON-OFF water supply, or Intermittent irrigation- this is a correct statement.

• Surge irrigation is the intermittent application of water used to improve distribution uniformity along a furrow.
• It works on the principle that dry soil infiltrates water faster than wet soil. When soil is wet it seals because the soil particles at the surface consolidate.
• The term ‘Surge irrigation’ refers to the delivering irrigation flows into individual long furrows in an intermittent fashion of predetermined ON-OFF time cycles with the design duration of irrigation.

Statement II: In a sub-surface drainage system excess water is removed from the surface by developing slopes on land- this is a wrong statement.

Sub-surface drainage is the removal of water from the root zone. It is accomplished by deep open drains or buried pipe drains.

There is 4 main type of subsurface drainage system.

1. Corrugated and PVC slotted subsurface pipes.
2. Mole drainage.
3. Interceptor drains.
4. Groundwater pumps.

A, B, and D are the correct statements.

Key Points

The ring basin method of irrigation is used in horticulture crops- It is the correct statement.

• The ring basin method of irrigation is especially suitable for horticultural crops.
• A basin made around the stump of the plant at a distance of about 30- 60 cm may be a square, rectangle, or circular in shape.
• The individual plant or plant growth in a pit is irrigated by this method.

Skip furrow irrigation method is used in water scarcity conditions- It is the correct answer.

• It is also known as a water-saving method based on furrow irrigation.
• In this method, water is irrigated to every other furrow instead of all furrows.
• Hence it is mostly used in water-scarce areas.

Weeds that are grown in disturbed or cultivated land are termed mimicry weeds- Which is a wrong statement.

Obligate weed:

• Weeds that are grown in disturbed or cultivated land are termed obligate weeds.
• They are never found in wild form.
• Examples: Chenopodium, and Convolves arvensis.

Striga sp. Weed is a semi-root parasite weed- it is a correct statement.

• Striga sp. weed is also known as witchweed.
• It is a partial or semi root parasite.
• Host plants of Striga: Pearl millet, sorghum, maize, sugarcane, and sunflower.

The correct answer is 1,2,3 and 4Key Points

• The water requirement of the sugarcane crop is 1500-2500 mm with 93% irrigated area.
• The critical stage for irrigation is the formative stage, seen 60-130 days after planting (DAP).
• Furrow irrigation is most commonly used and is particularly effective for early plant crops.
• Furrow irrigation is a method of laying out the water channels in such a way where gravity plays the role of providing just enough water for suitable plants to grow.
• In later crop growth periods and during ratoon crops, the water distribution may become increasingly problematic because of the deterioration of the furrows.
• Furrow is a kind of surface irrigation system.

Additional InformationWater requirement and % irrigated area of different crops

The irrigation Phases of sugarcane are as follows

The correct answer is Blind tillage.

Explanation:

• Blind tillage is employed to minimise weed intensity in drill sowing crops where emergence of crop seedling is hindered by soil crust formed on receipt of rain or irrigation immediately after sowing.
• The tillage of the soil after sowing a crop before the crop plants emerge is known as Blind tillage.

Additional Information 

Summer tillage: 

• The practice of summer tillage or off-season tillage is one of the effective cultural methods to check the growth of perennial weed population in crop cultivation.
• Initial tillage before cropping should encourage clod formation.
• These clods, which have the weed propagules, upon drying desiccate the same.
• Subsequent tillage operations should break the clods into small units to further expose the shrivelled weeds to the hot sun.

Wet tillage:

• The tillage operation that is done in a land with standing water is called wet tillage or puddling.
• Puddling operation consists of ploughing repeatedly in standing water until the soil becomes soft and muddy.
• Puddling creates an impervious layer below the surface to reduce deep percolation losses of water and to provide soft seed bed for planting rice.
• Puddling is done in both the directions for the incorporation of green manures and weeds

Clean tillage:

• Clean tillage refers to working of the soil of the entire field in such a way no living plant is left undisturbed.
• It is practiced to control weeds, soil borne pathogen and pests.