Teaching Aptitude Mock Test - 2

The table below will discuss the significant characteristics of the roles of the persons listed in the question,

Role	Characteristics
Manager	A person who controls or manage al the administration He/she must be able to do the planning and guide people He/She is responsible to carry out and develop the management process
Counselors	A guide or mentor of psychological and personal problems Help his/her client to resolve the negative psychological problem They usually assist to reach an optimal level of psychological function A person who able to give valuable advice to get rid off of any adverse psychological condition and improve the quality of functioning
Psychiatrists	A medical practitioner for the treatment of mental illness A qualified and trained person to diagnose and treatment of a mental disorder They can also work for an emotional and behavioral disorder
Therapists	A skilled person for physical and psychological problems Helps clients to develop better health or cognitive skill A trained person helps to reduce mental illness and to lead a better life.

Characteristics of adolescent learner:

• They belong to the age group of 12-18 years
• Formal learning in combination with non-formal learning
• Belongs to the understanding level of teaching

Characteristics of the adolescent learner
Emotional	More ambition and dream A desire for freedom and autonomy Like a permissive atmosphere Needs attention Individual differences play an important role Important for personality development Sometimes they tend to be rebellious by nature
Social	According to Margaret Mead, cultural factors plays a role in the development of personality Mead observes a ‘storm and stress’: the transition from childhood to adulthood Feel bad to face conflicts, emotional tension, extreme attitudes, etc. A rapid widening of life Overlapping between the role of child and adult
Academic	The academic achievement in this stage can be predicted by three factors, Interpersonal factors: parents’ engagement Intrapersonal factors: intrinsic motivation Institutional factors: environment at an institution Learners are interested in self-directed learning They are more practical and try to achieve a goal Always try to find a reason for learning and how much relevant it is Adults must be shown respect Cultural gap: in this age children know more than their parents and they lead to arguments, friction, and tears, which causes a cultural gap. They prefer to learn by participating in more events Prefer practices more to learn new skills
Cognitive	The capacity to adjust to the environment develops through the interaction of heredity, environment, and maturation. According to Piaget, it is the formal operation period of cognitive development Try to analyze a problem systematically Logical thinking towards a solution Ability to use a higher order of structure Moral maturity The individual struggle for the process of adoption brings cognitive changes i.e. ‘state of equilibrium’ Education helps to form the mind to verify before accepting anything

So it is clear that the adolescent learners need a teacher who not only teaches them but can act as a counsellor in this important phase of life.

NCF 2005 or National Curriculum Framework is a document that seeks to present a framework within which schools and teachers can select and plan experiences that they feel all children should have.

Key Points

•  The National Council of Educational Research and Training in India had published three National Curriculum Frameworks in 2000, 1988, and 1975.
• The latest NCF was published in 2005. The document offers a framework for making textbooks, syllabi, as well as teaching practices within the educational programs in Indian schools.

Important PointsNCF 2005 emphasizes that:- 

• Learning without any pressure so that learning turns into a joyful experience, move away from textbooks as a basis for examination, and reduce stress – suggested significant changes in the pattern of the syllabus.
• To form a sense of self-reliance and individual dignity, which would be the basis of social relations, and develop a sense of unity and non-violence across society.
• The curriculum must explicitly incorporate the progression that learners make from the concrete to the abstract while acquiring concepts.
• To come up with a child-centered approach to learning, promote universal enrolment and retention up to age 14.
• To instill the feeling of unity, democracy, and oneness in students
• With reference to social context, the recently published curriculum ensures that all schools are provided with a standard framework irrespective of sex, religion, creed, and caste.

Thus, it is concluded that NCF 2005 emphasizes that the curriculum must explicitly incorporate the progression that learners make from the concrete to the abstract while acquiring concepts.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 under Article 21-A provides for,

• free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school
• Clarifies that ‘compulsory education’ means the obligation of the appropriate government to provide free and compulsory elementary education where ‘free’ means the no child shall be liable to pay any charges which prevents him/her from completing elementary education
• makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age-appropriate class.
• specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents in providing free and compulsory education
• specifies pupil-teacher ratio is maintained for each school and prohibits deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than census, elections, state legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief.
• It provides for the appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.
• It prohibits - physical punishment and mental harassment, screening procedures for admission of children, capitation fee, private tuition by teachers and running of schools without recognition
• It provides for the development of curriculum as per the values enshrined in the Constitution ensuring the all-round development of the child through a system of child-centred learning.

Hence, we conclude that according to the Right to Education Act, admission of children to a particular class has been proposed to be on the basis of age of the child.

Evaluation is an integral part of any teaching and learning process. Both teaching and evaluation are based on the instructional objectives which provide direction to them.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) is a school-based evaluation system as per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act, 2009) which was implemented in April 2010.

1. The ‘Continuous’ aspect of CCE:

• It means an ongoing and periodical assessment which will help in finding out the strengths and gaps in children’s learning so that the teacher can plan on ways to enhance learning.
• The ongoing aspect includes the placement and formative evaluation, where placement evaluation means assessment of learners’ progress on various aspects from the very beginning of instructions and formative evaluation means the evaluation of learners during the instructional process through various formal or informal methods of evaluation.
• The periodicity aspect includes the summative evaluation which is the evaluation of the performance of learners should be done frequently at the end of every unit or term

2. The ‘Comprehensive’ aspect of CCE: It implies that the evaluation of learners’ performance is carried out in both scholastic and co-scholastic areas.

• Scholastic areas cover activities in curricular or subject-specific areas. The term ‘Scholastic’ refers to those activities, which are related to intellect or the brain.
• Co-scholastic areas include life skills, abilities in co-curricular areas, attitudes and values.

 

Hence, as you can see from the points above, the ongoing and periodical part comes under the ‘continuous’ aspect of CCE.

A social science teacher uses several methods and techniques in teaching various contents of social sciences.

Key Points

•  The choice of these methods and techniques depends on the nature of contents to be taught to students
• In learner-centered methods, learners play a significant role in comparison to teachers in the transaction of learning experiences.
• Methods and techniques used in teaching social science are based on the learner-centered approach.
• Demonstration
• Field Work
• Discussion
• Problem-solving
• Debate
• In order to build empathy and sensitize toward the domestic help in students, the best approach will be to let the students get to know someone who works as domestic help and write the story according to their experience.
• This is the best method because the learner will do Fieldwork in this case, he will analyze, plan and execute the steps of interaction. the learner is actively engaged in the field, 
• This work will help the learner to develop his communication skill, creative skills, and social skill when learners will be interacting with the domestic helpers.

Hence we can conclude that option 4 is more appropriate.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) was a procedure of assessment, directed by the Right to Education Act, of India in 2009. This assessment proposal was introduced by state governments in India, as well as by the Central Board of Secondary Education in India, for students of sixth to tenth class and twelfth in some schools.

Key PointsCo-Scholastic areas of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE):

• In line with the CCE system, General Knowledge, Environmental Education, Physical Education, skills in Art, Music, and Dance, Computers, and Reading skills are assessed regularly.
• In addition, Art and Craft competitions, Music and Dance Competitions, Sports activities are also used as evaluation tools.
• The Lifeskills depicting the personal traits of a student is judged in accordance with the CCE system.
• These consist of qualities such as confidence, obedience, regularity and punctuality, discipline, respect towards others and school property, neatness, etc.
• Co-scholastic aspects also, Co-Curricular Activities, Attitudes, and Values.

Hence, all of the given options are correct about the co-Scholastic areas of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE).

Physical education is the combination of two words - Physical and Education. It is a science of complete development of the individual by participating in physical activities and sports. 

• Ministry of Education National Plan of Physical Education and Recreation envisions the aims of physical education to make children holistically develop covering physical, mental, and emotional development and also to develop social qualities that can help them to be a good citizen. However, one of the important aims of physical education is an emotional adjustment.

Key Points

The aims of physical education are given below:

• Emotional Development:
  • Physical education and sports provide opportunities to control emotions. For example, a particular match incident gives you the maturity to execute yourself as a tough player.
  • It is highly essential to develop a feeling of emotional adjustment with the members as it will help the individual to face challenges in different situations in games as well in life.

• Physical development: Physical activity is a necessary step to develop the proper function and growth of the human body.
• Mental development: The physical activities not only help to improve the physical development but also the mental development of the individual. For example, a badminton player is good in physical fitness, but smash comes from mental development.
• Intellectual development: Physical activities also improve intellectual ability. For example, players need to take decisions in different conditions and situations; that ability helps them to improve their thinking.
• Neuro-muscular development: Through physical activities, an individual learns to coordinate the muscular and nervous systems. Neuro-muscular coordination develops well only if various types of skills and exercises are done repeatedly for a long period of time. Good neuromuscular coordination is indispensable for learning skills.
• Personal adjustment: Physical education gives worthwhile experience to an individual to realize her/his full potential and has self-expression and highest
  the satisfaction which facilitates his personal adjustment in life.

Thus, it is concluded that one of the important aims of physical education is to develop emotional adjustment.

The word education comes from the Latin word "Educare" which means to mold or to train. It is more concerned with the upbringing of a child to give him knowledge, skills, morals, values, by enriching his personality and by helping him in holistic development.

Key Points

Maria Montessori:

• She was an Italian educator who opened her first Montessori school in 1907.
• She considered play as the natural activity of a child. She emphasized learning through senses and knowledge must be given in small pieces.
• The term "cas    e-de-Bambini" which means home for the children is used by Dr. Maria Montessori.
•  She opened her first Children’s House (referred to as a Casa de Bambini) in January of 1907 to test her child development theories. Her theories were founded on the idea that education is an aide to life and all education starts at birth. 
• She was renowned as the first woman doctor in Italy. Her work and insight into children revolutionized the world’s understanding of how young children learn.
• Dr. Maria Montessori discovered that experiential learning in this type of classroom led to a deeper understanding of language, mathematics, science, music, social interactions, and much more.
• Children can learn through their own experience and at their own pace. They can respond at any moment to the natural curiosities that exist in all humans and build a solid foundation for life-long learning.
• Montessori is also a method of education that is based on self-directed activity, hands-on learning, and collaborative play.
• In Montessori classrooms, children make creative choices in their learning, while the classroom and the highly trained teacher offer age-appropriate activities to guide the process. Children work in groups and individually to discover and explore the knowledge of the world and to develop their maximum potential. 

Hence, it is concluded that the term "Case-de-Bambini" which means home for the children is used by Maria Montessori.

Additional Information

John Dewey	He was a pragmatist who considers only the practical aspect of a man and considers the universe as the outcome of activities. He emphasized learning by doing and by self-experience. He also said that children must be given opportunities for self-discovery, self-activity, and artistic expression.  He also said that the teacher tries to raise a problem in the minds of students so that it can stimulate purposeful reflective thinking in arriving at a solution.
Frobel	Frobel led the foundation of kindergarten which means a garden of children where they play and learn while playing. He was the first one who gave importance to constructive play and self-activities in early childhood.
Locke	His views on education are based upon the pragmatistic philosophy of education. He gave the theory of empiricism which states that a child is born with a clean slate "tabula-rasa" that is to be filled with knowledge, data, or information in the later years.

Language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. It allows an individual to comprehend and produce language for proper and effective interpersonal communication.

• The four basic language skills and their natural order are listening-speaking-reading-writing. These four processes are integrated with each other.

Key Points

• In order to communicate effectively, it is important that one should be able to listen and read with understanding, speak with a degree of fluency and accuracy, and write effectively.
• These can be referred to as language abilities or language skills. Developing a skill can be done in the only way, that is by practicing and using language effectively in various forms.
• Practicing a skill regularly and rigorously with patience and perseverance makes an individual proficient in that particular skill. Language is a very important part of everyday life.
• Using language effectively in various forms in day-to-day life is considered for developing skills in language studies as it:​
  • facilitates the learning process in a meaningful and productive way.
  • making learning more interesting by bringing the class to the real world.
  • encourages classroom interaction and helps in meeting individual differences.

Thus, it is concluded that using language effectively in various forms in day-to-day life is considered for developing skills in language studies.

Hint

• Reading various literature forms helps in vocabulary building and reading proficiency.
• Writing an article on language studies will enhance language skills related to writing.

Science is defined as the process that involves experimentation, testing hypothesis, building evidence, and theoretical discussions as it undergoes an engagement with a constant process of reviewing and renewal. This depicts the importance of nurturing scientific creativity amongst students.

• Science needs a great deal of knowledge, imagination, and creative insight on the part of the learners.

Key PointsNurturing Scientific Creativity by followings-

Certain thinking abilities/cognitive processes concerning scientific creativity as identified by various researchers are:

• Divergent thinking abilities 
• Creative problem finding
• Creative problem solving
• Encourage students to frame answers in multiple ways
• Provide a rich variety of learning experiences to students
• Application of science process skills 
• Scientific inquisitiveness
• Assist students in developing models of inquiry.
• Openness
• Hypotheses formulation
• Guide students in the use of a multidisciplinary approach
• Finding new relationships or connections 
• Elaboration: adding new knowledge to a given situation.

Therefore, for nurturing creativity in the science classroom among students, a teacher can do all of the above, except encourage students to frame answers in a prescribed manner. 

Key Points 

Interactive language teaching-  It is the method of teaching the language in school so that the students are able to understand the language and its usage', because by interaction students will be able to use the language and speak properly. 

Principle of the Interactive language principle-

• The student is the language learner
• The control over the language is proceed through creativity, which is developed by doing interactive participation activities.
• The language learner and teaching are to be shaped as per the students' needs and objectives.

• Language  learning  and  teaching  are  based  on  normal  uses  of  language

Important Points

• Classroom relations reflect individual liking and respect, which is not the principle of interactive Language teaching.
• Classroom relations- It is the relations between the teachers and students among each other in the class, It helps in making the teaching and learning process fun and interesting things. When students have a better relationship with their classmates and teachers they will be interested in learning.
• Classroom relations is not a principle of Interactive learning Teaching as it deals with behaviours of the individual in the classroom, not with the language of the learners.

Additional Information 

• The student is a language learner. 
• Language learning and teaching are shaped by student needs.
• Language learning and teaching are based on normal uses of language, with communication of meanings

Hint

• Language is developed by its usage with others by interacting.

Hence, we can conclude that classroom relations reflect individual liking and respect is not one of the principles of Interactive Language Teaching.

Clay is a soft, smooth and earth material that is widely used in pottery and other materials. It can be moulded into infinite shapes and sizes. Clay art modelling is an important part of experiential learning. 

Key Points

Importance of Clay art modelling :

• It is therapeutically beneficial. 
• It enhances creativity.
• It improves connections in the brain and helps develop fine motor skills.
• It helps to develop visualisation and interpretative skills.
• It helps develop hand-eye coordination.
• Fun and enjoying.
• It encourages trial and error.
• Enhances personality and develops an interest in creative activities.

Hence, all the statements are true here.

The performing arts range from vocal and instrumental music, dance, drama, arts, and theatre to pantomime, etc. They include numerous cultural expressions that reflect human creativity and that are also found, to some extent, in many other intangible cultural heritage domains.

Important Points

• Dance may be described simply as ordered bodily movements, usually performed to music.
• Art is a creative activity that expresses the imaginative, creative skills of an individual.
• Drama is a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict or contrast of character, especially one intended to be acted on the stage.

Key Points

Importance of Performing Arts:

• Development of specific traits like personality.
• Helps in molding personality in dramas, theatre, and plays.
• Brings team spirit, integrity, coordination, and understanding skills.
• Improves critical thinking, reasoning, logic, and imagination skills
• It is also used as an outlet for blocked and intolerable drives.
• Helps to express feelings and emotions which help in the overall development.

Hence, it becomes clear that dance, drama & art are used for the development of specific traits, molding personalities, and an outlet for blocked and intolerable drives.

Social Diversity means the co-existence of different social groups within a given geopolitical setting or in simpler terms, differentiation of society into groups.

Key Points

Factors helped in the creation of diversity in the classroom-

• Equality- The first step in strengthening diversity is to promote equality among the students whether it is gender equality or cultural equality.
• Dignity- Dignity promotes self-respect among the learner, as self-esteem and self-respect play a great role in creating the confidence in building the personality of the learner.
• Access- To promote diversity in the class there should be an equal chance of accessing the opportunity of the education for everyone.
• Eg:- In the class there are students of different tribes, castes, and cultures, students can be from disadvantaged and marginalized sections, and the diversity among them will be formed when they are provided with the opportunity for dignity and respect.

​Hence the important aspect of strengthening the diversity in the social science classroom is Equality, Dignity, and Access.

(Philosophy)	(Characteristic)
Naturalism	Naturalism in education stands for the doctrine of “follow nature” in education. It wants all education to be in strict conformity with the nature of the child. It stands for complete freedom to be given to the child in learning. It considers a child as a gift of nature with potentialities for natural growth according to the laws of nature. The child is an active individual capable of self-development. The aim of education is to develop the child as a healthy and active personality in a natural setting
Idealism	Idealism is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty, and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. Idealistic philosophy takes many and varied forms, but the postulate underlying all this is that mind or spirit is the essential world stuff, that the true reality of  is of a mental character’’  J. S. Ross
Pragmatism	Dewey believed that human beings learn through a 'hands-on' approach. This places Dewey in the educational philosophy of pragmatism. Pragmatists believe that reality must be experienced. From Dewey's educational point of view, this means that students must interact with their environment in order to adapt and learn.
Realism	Realism has probably had the greatest impact on educational philosophy because it is the foundation of scientific reasoning. Realist educators encourage students to draw their observations and conclusions from the world around them, rather than confining themselves to an analysis of their own ideas. Realism believes that teachers should have full knowledge of the subject matter, the psychology of learners and the scientific way of delivering education Realism is an approach to the study and practice of international politics. It emphasizes the role of the nation-state and makes a broad assumption that all nation-states are motivated by national interests, or, at best, national interests disguised as moral concerns.

Mathematics is something that man has created to meet the cultural demands of time. It is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. It acts as a basis for other subjects.

• There are different methods of teaching Mathematics like inductive, deductive, analytic, synthetic, problem-solving, and heuristic methods. Teachers use this method according to the requirements of the concepts or needs of the students.

Key Points

• The term ‘Geometry’ is the English equivalent of the Greek word ‘Geometron’. ‘Geo’ means Earth and ‘metron’ means Measurement.
• Geometry is the branch of mathematics that studies sizes, shapes, properties, and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and solids. It has been an important part of mathematics.
• It should be taught in such a way that learners can understand and construct meaning.

Important Points

​The deductive method is the best method to teach geometry. It starts with the learner giving rules, then examples and practice.

• In this method, the teacher uses the established formula, principle, or generalizations to solve the problem.
• The students proceed from general to particular, from abstract to concrete.
• The facts are deduced or analyzed by the application of the established formula.
• It is helpful in solving geometrical proofs as it is based on reasoning.
• For example:- The teacher stated the mathematical relationship in geometry – “if two sides of a triangle are equal then their opposite angles are also equal”.
  • Then she explained the relationship between the measures of the two angles opposite to the equal sides of an isosceles triangle with the help of certain examples.  When the students got the idea of the relationship then she gave the following problems to the students to solve using the relationship just explained to them.
  •  If in a triangle ABC, AB =AC, and ∠A=70° then find out ∠B and ∠C. 2. In a triangle, PQR, PQ =PR, and ∠Q = 65°, then find out ∠P and ∠R. The students applied the formula and solved the problems.
  • They use the deductive method to solve the problem of geometry.

Thus, it is concluded that  The most common way of providing in geometry is deductive method.

Additional Information

•  Inductive method:- In this method one proceeds from particular events to generalized conclusions. A formula or generalization is arrived at through a convincing process of identifying the similar elements and the conditions of these similarities in a number of concrete cases.
• Proof by contradiction: In this method, to prove q is true, we start by assuming that q is false (i.e., - q.is'true). Then, by a logical argument we arrive at a situation where a statement is true as well as false, i.e., we reach a contradiction r A -- r for some statement r. This means that the truth of - q implies a contradiction, a statement that is always false. This can only happen when N q is false also. Therefore, q must be true.
• Proof by counterexamples:- An example that shows that a statement is false is a counterexample to such a statement. The name itself suggests that it is an example to counter a given statement. For instance, to disprove the statement ‘If n is an odd integer, then n is prime.’, we need to look for an odd integer that is not a prime number. 15 is one such integer. So, n = 15 is a counterexample to the given statement.  

Education Philosophies: 

• The word philosophy comes from a combination of two Greek words- “Philos” meaning “love” and “Sophi” meaning “wisdom.” Etymologically, philosophy means the love of wisdom. To love something is to desire it.  Thus philosophy gives a man that wisdom with the help of which they understand the whole universe and its implication in relation to themselves & the people around. 
• Educational practices and planning in all parts of the world are influenced by theories and philosophies of education and values the state and society desire to promote through education. 
• The philosopher is thoughtful, remains in a thoughtful mood, being in search of new ideas, new knowledge with the help of his growing wisdom.
• Philosophers are interested in the first principle and the final conclusion of all branches of knowledge.
• Philosophers come under the different philosophical school of thought such as idealist, naturalist, pragmatist, existentialist, perennialist, realist, essentialist, progressivist, etc. according to their approach to answer the philosophical enquire.

Naturalism:

• The naturalistic philosophy of education is as old as the idealistic philosophy of education as it lays emphasis upon nature in every field of education.
• The naturalistic philosophers of education derive the aims and ideals, the means the methods of teaching, and the principles of curriculum and school management from nature.
• Rousseau and Herbert Spencer contributed a lot to the field of philosophy of education. Their main emphasis was on the methodology and educational setting based on naturalism.
• According to Rousseau, education depends on the role of three teachers in co-operation with one another are Nature, Man, and Things.
• According to Rousseau, the role of nature in the education of a child is an outcome of his concept of nature, which is enjoyable, living, harmoniously balanced, useful, sympathetic, and unexpressive methods of education for child development Observation of nature, therefore, becomes an essential factor in
  education. 

Idealism:

• The idealists believe that the soul is immortal, the world of ideas is the real world and this world of ideas is not the world of senses. The mind possesses the important power of thought. 
• In the West, Plato, for the first time introduced the philosophy of education based on the philosophy of idealism.
• Plato and Aristotle were basically concerned with the epistemological and teleological questions such as “how is teaching possible?” or “what is education for?” 
• Plato insisted that true knowledge must be elicited from within and sought for in ideas and not in particulars of senses. Production of the right type of citizen (who is socially, economically, intellectually, and politically useful and fit) is the aim of education.

Pragmatism:

• In pragmatism, no importance is attached to the impracticable and to things which can not fulfill some purpose. 
• The pragmatic philosophers of education give attention to practical and useful things. Practical and useful does not simply mean theoretical, but induces to do useful and practical work.
• The education based on this ideology makes the child worthy and independent of society.
• Pragmatic philosophers of education consider the aim, nature; organization and order of education should be such that it may do maximum good of man.
• John Dewey argued that the mind-body (spirit-matter) dualism of classical philosophy is responsible for the unnatural cleavages in society and education such as labor-leisure, practical-intellectual, man-nature, culture-vocation, subject matter- method, ends-means, and others. 

​Hence, Rousseau ⇒ Naturalism; Plato ⇒ Idealism; Dewey ⇒ Pragmatism, these are the correct match and Plato ⇒ Naturalism is an incorrect match. 

A good teacher is warm, accessible, enthusiastic, and caring. This is the kind of teacher with whom students can go with any problem or concern or even share a funny story. Great teachers possess good listening and communication skills and take time out of their way too busy scheduled for anyone who needs them.

A great teacher expresses the self and encourages students to do the same with confidence and enthusiasm. an expression of the real self, real value, and talent is the key to the success of education and of a good teacher.

There are some more characteristics the best teacher also called a successful teacher can possess: -

• They demonstrate(show in behavior) confidence and develop the same in students.
• They have life experience.
• They understand each student's motivation.
• They're common people. but not less than heroes.
• They're technologically capable.
• They model risk-taking.
• They focus on the important stuff.
• They don't worry too much about what administrators think.
• They encourage students but never discourage them.
• They develop good interpersonal relations.
• They take responsibility as a teacher and guide and friend.
• They incorporate good communication skills.
• They impart the moral value of life.
• They promote all-round development in students.
• They Impartial to all students.
• They Inspire students without discrimination.
• They first prioritize students and work dedication.

Thus, we can say that the best teacher is a successful and great teacher. self-expression is the best quality but being the best teacher needs more qualities as discussed.

 

 

The use of the term ‘field work’ emphasizes some of the formal exercises which are done outside of the classroom, usually in biology and geology at senior high school and tertiary levels. These activities may be considered to be a subset of field trips or excursions. Field trips are an important part of the curriculum because it provides opportunities for hands-on experience.  

• It is a visit to a place outside the regular classroom which is designed to achieve certain objectives, which cannot be achieved as well by using other means.
• The textbooks provide conceptual knowledge but cannot provide hands-on- experience that may create difficulty in achieving educational objectives. 
• It provides practical knowledge through personal experience. It is the appropriate tool to engage children effectively and actively in the learning process.

Key PointsField trips or excursions play a significant role in science teaching learning BECAUSE:-

• It helps in clarifying the subject matter.
• It creates interest in the subject. 
• It has entertainment value and makes learning enjoyable.
•  It helps the learners in establishing contact with the outer world. 
• It develops a scientific attitude and scientific temper among the learners. 
• Filed trips or excursions are very useful in collecting useful material. 
• Excursions help in developing the spirit of cooperation among the learners.
•  It provides an opportunity for the selection of the projects.

Concluding our discussion you will get to know that the scientific excursions or trips when organized in a systematic and proper way prove to be quite effective and useful from the point of view of the realization of the aims and objectives of teaching science.

Thus, it is concluded that Because of All of the above options field trips or excursions play an important role in science teaching-learning.

Teacher learning or training is a continuous never-ending process that promotes teacher’s teaching skills, master novel knowledge; develop better or newer proficiency, which in return assists in improving student’s learning. Researches and some studies have shown when teachers are good at class management students to show much more interest in the classes and have better education outcomes compared to the situation when the teacher is not so good at classroom management.

• The teacher’s training process usually has two categories:
  1.  The coursework assigned to the students for their working year. It usually covers content, methods, and psychology. The latest courses also deal with technology involvement and integration and several issues related to cultural diversity.
  2. Practical learning and modeling.

Importance of Teacher training

• Teacher training helps teachers in the art of expressing themselves.
• Regular training and feedback keep teachers' current knowledge in pedagogical trends and reinforce what works.
• Training for teachers is also important for them to have effective teaching and class management skills.
• Training sessions are needed to help the teachers learn or create new teaching strategies that will bring back the interest of their students in the classrooms and encourage learning.
• Training sessions help to understand the regularisation of school management and methods of school organization.

​Hence, Teachers’ training courses are organized to provide pedagogical training to the teachers.

The process of writing is generally a way to put abstract thoughts, ideas, concepts into words, and to bring imagination into reality with the help of proper words of a particular language. The writing skills of students usually improve naturally with their experiences, maturity, and practice.

Key Points

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

• During instruction, the assessment can be used to determine what students are learning so that if there a need, the teacher can adjust their teacher.
• It is a process-oriented approach that is used to identify the areas for improvement in the learning process.

Important Points

• The writing of an essay includes the expression of ideas and experiences about any topic in a well-organized and effective manner.
• Normally an essay has three parts – introduction, main body, and conclusion.
  • The writing of an essay begins by introducing the main idea or event expressed in the main body of the essay. 
  • The quality of an essay is judged by an effective and interesting introduction.
  • The main body of the essay consists of many well-organized and coherent passages explaining and discussing various aspects of the topic.
  • While concluding the essay, the writer provides the gist of the whole composition in such a manner that it leaves a lasting impression upon the reader. 
• The main thing that matters in writing an essay is the originality of thoughts and expression that is how well a writer is collectively presenting his original ideas and perspectives about any topic or matter.
• The writing errors include spellings errors, Vocabulary, grammatical mistakes, and errors in the usage of the language.
• These types of errors are considered natural errors and will be auto-corrected by the students as they attain maturity in writing skills i.e., Gradually they will learn the grammar rules, become familiar with the vocabulary of a particular language, and will be more creative while presenting their ideas into words.
• The handwriting of the students will also improve as they do more practice and given preference in later components that are needed to be assessed.

Hence, we can conclude that the assessing the writing of the essay, the most important criteria would be originality of thought and expression.

Teachers teach and help the learners to learn. At the end of a lesson or a group of lessons, the teacher needs to get feedback on well the learner has achieved, as a result of the teacher's efforts, and also, indirectly to assess higher own achievement as a teacher. This feedback comes with the help of a tool, generally an achievement test.

Key Points Achievement tests are universally used in ~tle classroom mainly for the following purposes :

• To measure whether students possess the pre-requisite skills needed to succeed in any unit or whether the students have achieved the ol~jective of the planned instruction.
• To monitor student's learning and to provide ongoing feedback to both students and teachers during the teaching-learning process.
• To identify the students' learning difficulties - whether persistent or recurring.
• To assign grades.  

Hence, achievement tests are commonly used for the purpose of assessing the amount of learning after teaching.

“Education is the manifestation of perfection already existing in man.” ― Swami Vivekananda.

• Swamiji who describes religion as 'the manifestation of the divinity already in man' defines education as 'the manifestation of the perfection already in man'.
• Vivekananda believed education is the manifestation of perfection already in men.
• He thought it a pity that the existing system of education did not enable a person to stand on his own feet, nor did it teach him self-confidence and self-respect.

National Curriculum Framework 2005- It was introduced by the government of India, in accordance with educational policy and the changes taking place in education at the global level.

Key Points According to proposed epistemic shift in the teaching of social science proposed by the National Curriculum framework 2005 are

• The learner should emphasis on going beyond the textbook, because book is not the only source of the information.
• The national perspective needs to be balanced with reference to the local
• Indian History should not be taught in isolation, and there should be reference to developments in other parts of the world
• NCF suggested that instead of Civics, the term Political Science be used. Civics appeard in the Indian school curriculum in the colonial period against the background of increasing 'disloyalty' among Indians towards the Raj.
• Emphasis on obedience and loyalty were the key features of Civics
• Hence we can conclude that the epistemic shift in the teaching of social science by national curriculum framework is to shift from From the 'British' account of the past to varied 'Indian' accounts.

Mathematical Process - The process through which the students learn mathematics so they are able to develop an understanding of mathematics, by developing their creativity, reasoning, and deduction skills.

Key Points

As per the NCF 2005, the teaching of​

• Mathematics should enhance children’s ability to think and reason, visualize and handle abstractions, to formulate and solve problems.
• So creativity, attitudes, and approach toward learning Mathematics change, instead of feeling fear towards math, students should enjoy the learning.
• Quality should be given more importance rather than quantity.
• Rote memorization does not allow for creativity, because it is not the process that is being repeated, but the `information' which is being repeated mechanically, for example, memorizing multiplication tables mechanically.
• When students are memorizing the multiplication table, They are just repeating information, if any link is broken, they will be not able to recall, but instead, if they understand the pattern, They will be able to solve any problem related to the usage of the multiplication table.

Hence, we can conclude that the Rote Memorisation is not a mathematical process.

Additional Information

• Optimization
• Visualization 
• Comparison
• These methods are mathematical processes, through which the student will be able to create an experience, By reasoning the concepts, by imagination, and finally by comparison.

Educational psychology is a branch of modern psychology that is concerned with the learning processes and psychological problems associated with the teaching and training of students. It is the scientific study of human behavior in the educational situation and concerned with the factors, principles, concepts, methods, and techniques which relates to the various aspect of learners growth and development.      

Important Points 

Educational psychology has contributed considerably to the creation of a teaching-learning environment. It helps in the following ways:​

• Educational psychology has contributed considerably to the creation of the modern system of education.
• It has helped teachers and administrators to develop an impartial and democratic attitude towards learners and helps them into integrated personalities. 
• Educational psychology is of prime importance in addressing the future needs of the education system as the complexities are increasing day by day so it is an effective way to cope up with them.
• Its role is central to know and deal with the problems related to the learners such as stages of development, to know about the learner, in fostering classroom environment, about individual differences,  to identify children with special needs, tackling classroom problems, skills & interest in teaching, effective methods of teaching, the influence of heredity & environment on the child, the mental health of the child, the procedure of curriculum-making, guidance & counseling, assessment & evaluation, in maintaining positive creative discipline, educational psychology & research, in facilitating context, socialization in classroom and professional growth, changing attitude and innovative thinking of teachers. Hence it helps in all-around development.

Hence, we can conclude that all it helps in all-around development.

Project Method

• The project method of teaching is one of the modern methods of teaching in which the curriculum content is considered from the child's point of view and is related to his/her needs and interest in the context of real-life situations. It implies that activities in the schools need to be closely connected with the child's daily life and needs.
• This method is the outcome of the Pragmatic Educational philosophy of John Dewey, the noted American Philosopher-cum-Educationist. This philosophy believes in providing different kinds of rich experiences for children.
• This method was developed by Dr. William. H. Kilpatrick. According to Kilpatrick William "Develop project as a project is a wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment."
• The project method is an educational enterprise in which children solve a practical problem over a period of several days or weeks.
• It may involve building a rocket, designing a playground, or publishing a class newspaper.
• The projects may be suggested by the teacher, but they are planned and executed as far as possible by the students themselves, individually or in groups.
• Project work focuses on applying, not imparting, specific knowledge or skills, and on improving student involvement and motivation in order to foster independent thinking, self-confidence, and social responsibility.

Therefore, the biggest strength of the project method lies in social participation because it not only improves the skill or knowledge of a student but also fosters his/her social responsibilities. (Social participation also enhances confidence in the students).

Thinking is a mental activity in its cognitive aspect of mental activity with regard to psychological aspects, it is also a behavior that is often implicit and hidden and in which symbols are ordinarily employed.

Key Points

Convergent thinking	Convergent thinking is the type of thinking that focuses on coming up with a single, well-established answer to a problem. It is oriented toward deriving the single best, or most often the correct answer to a question.
Divergent thinking	Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. Example - asking questions while teaching a chapter. It typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing, "non-linear" manner, such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion.
Critical thinking	Critical thinking is the ability to make informed decisions by evaluating several different sources of information objectively. As such, critical thinkers possess many other essential skills, including analysis, creativity, problem-solving, and empathy.
Lateral thinking	Lateral thinking is a way of solving a problem by thinking about it in a different and original way and not using traditional or expected methods.

 

Therefore, if a history teacher asks the children to list the ways in which the rajas of the Mahajanapadas were different from those mentioned in the Rigveda, and asks questions, then he is trying to develop divergent thinking in the students.

To understand an abstract concept like education, one is required to explicate its meaning or nature from the point of view of the functions such concepts perform or the contexts in which such concepts are appropriately used. Etymologically, the word "Education" is derived from the Latin words "educare", "educere" and "educantum". The Following are the Characteristics of Education:

• It is a life long process because a person learns through his experience and experience goes life-long.
• It is a dynamic process because education changes as per the need. Hence, it can't be static.
• It helps in the development of the individual in all aspects whether it is mental, emotional, physical, social, moral or spiritual.
• It helps in the development of a child's innate power. For example, Edison's school teacher labelled him as "abnormal". Still, he succeeded in becoming one of the great inventors.
• Education modifies behaviour by bringing out desirable changes in one's behaviour. Professor Drever has supported the statement "Education is a process in which and by which knowledge, character and behaviour of the young are shaped and moulded."
• It helps in social adjustment, for example with parents, relatives, friends and teachers.
• John Adams opines that education is a bipolar process because there is a constant interaction between the teacher and the taught or educator and educand.
• On the other hand, John Dewey calls education a tripolar process where there is constant interaction among educator, educand and environment or teacher, student and environment.
• It could be a direct process when the teacher and the students are in the direct contact but it is labelled indirect when education is non-formal or informal i.e. from a distance.
• It enriches a person's experience when a person aims at his goal.
• It helps in attainment of goals in one's life.
• It should be noted that it could be both theoretical and practical.
• It is the demand of the modern age because gone are the days when people didn't have the required skillset to make a task viable.
• It is scientific in nature as that each passing day technology is evolving.
• Education brings social change. It is a powerful tool for social reconstruction.

Hence, we conclude that the above-mentioned statement is related to education.
Note: Training, Development and Learning are themselves involved in education, hence education is correct as it is a broader term.

curriculum-It is also called the plan of learning, It has a definite structure through which the vision of the planners can be translated into learning experiences for the learner.

Key Points

• The social sciences curriculum includes three broad composite instructional areas.
• .history, geography, and social and political life. Social and Political Life draws its contents mainly from three disciplines
• The social science curriculum should be focused on the inclusion of all the facts, concepts, and information and including relevant concepts to enable an analysis of socio-political realities
• the inclusion of socio-political realities in the curriculum helps the learners to understand and analyze the connection between society and politics.

Hence options A and B are correct

Algebra introduces a technique known as ‘transposition’. This is the most common way to solve algebra equations.

Key Points

• The basic principles - all equations have two sides: a Left Side (LS) and a Right Side (RS). In the example below 2x + 14 is on the Left Side of the equation and 26 is on the Right Side of the equation: 2x + 14 = 26
• Making the same thing (mathematically) to both sides of the equation is the common transposition method, with the aim of bringing like terms together and isolating the variable (or the unknown quantity).
• hence for solving this equation, first subtract 14 from both sides of the equation. This will get rid of number 4 from the LS ,   2x + 14 - 14 = 26 -14
• That will give us: 2x = 12
• Now, focus on the LS we have 2x. So we need to divide it by 3 to isolate x, and we need to do the same to the RHS,  \(2x \over 2 \) = \(12 \over 2 \) 
• we get x=6.

Thus, the Transposition method is adopted by Ravi.

Additional Information

• Visualization: On observing a mathematical problem first thing is to visualize in mind what methods or approaches one should take to arrive at a solution quickly and smoothly. It is often used when solving word problems in mathematics.
• Estimation: Getting an estimated solution while solving a mathematical problem. It is also referred to as the prediction of future projection by observing the current pattern or statistics.
• Trial-Error: The individual has, in the beginning, no knowledge about the method which he should follow in order to reach the goal. But after making a number of trials, in which some fail, he comes to a successful attempt.x=273=9" role="presentation" style="display: inline; position: relative;" tabindex="0">

Remedial Teaching- This teaching is done to provide remedial measures for helping the students in getting rid of their specific weaknesses, or learning difficulties through diagnostic, testing, or measures carried out for such diagnostics.

 Key Points

 Aims of the Remedial Teaching:

• Remedial Teaching identifies the backward learner's weaknesses and gives them the necessary guidance to overcome their problem after identifying their areas of difficulty.
• The objective of remedial teaching is to give additional help to pupils who are facing difficulties in understanding the concepts in the mathematics
• It is essential for the remedial teacher to understand the strength and weaknesses of their pupils so the appropriate teaching can be adapted to meet their individual needs.

Hence we can conclude that Helping backward students individually is the main purpose of remedial teaching in mathematics.

Additional Information

• The students might be facing difficulties in learning due to the family background of the child.
• Remedial teaching is for all types of learners, the students who are facing a problem in understanding concepts because the purpose is to find the reason which is affecting the learning process of the students so that the reason can be rectified.

The teaching method is a way to put theory into practice. It helps a teacher to understand "what to teach", "how to teach", "how to approach it". It includes both strategies and techniques of teaching and involves the choice of what is to be taught.Important PointsProblem-solving method:

• It is an instructional method in which teacher and student attempt in a conscious, planned, and purposeful effort to arrive at some explanation or solution of any problem.
• It is associated with John Dewey as first it was originated by John Dewey and was later popularized by W.H. Kilpatrick in the world.  
• Some of it's demerits are listed below:
  • It is a time consuming process as it includes a lot of planning, management, and organization.
  • It requires a whole process of learning and assimilation of new information or knowledge as it does not help in easy assimilation of knowledge.
  • For example, children are required to put efforts in researching, analyzing, and discovering their own meaning to the existing concepts.
  • Also, this method will require a skillful teacher who can guide the children through their process of learning.

Hint

•  Children learn by working on problems which enables the children to learn new knowledge and experience by facing the problems that tends to brings affective changes in them.
• It requires children to make plans, create a strategy, execute it properly and submit it back to their teacher within a specified period of time as it is individualistic in nature.
• It develops the ability of children to do critical thinking as it encourages students to research, analysis, and discover the solution on their own which encourages active learning and application of practical knowledge.

Hence, it is concluded that the demerit of problem solving method is that it does not help in easy assimilation of knowledge.

The project method of teaching is a modern teaching method in which the curriculum content is considered from a child's point of view and is related to his needs and interest in the context of real-life situations i.e. practical experiences.

Project Method

• This method is Problem centered activity. 
• This method is the outcome of the Pragmatic Educational philosophy of John Dewey (American Philosopher-cum-Educationist).
• This philosophy believes in providing different kinds of rich experiences for children.
• This method was developed by Dr. William. H. Kilpatrick. 
• This method is directed and planned by the student.
• There are three types of projects based on the purposes and objectives of the learning experience. 
  1. Projects involving the production of some physical or material products. For example, preparing a model of a coronary care unit (CCU).
  2. Projects involving the acquisition of some ability, e.g., learning to organize and conduct maternal and clinical health clinic.
  3. Intellectual or problem - projects, e.g., a project to deal with non-compliance with immunization of children.

Merits of Project Method

• It arouses and maintains the interests of students and gives them freedom of thought and action. 
• Clearly and tangibly defined objectives help students what is to be done, what progress is being made, how well it is being done, and when it is finished.
• It provides for individual differences, individual students to evaluate one's own finished product.
• It provides an opportunity for developing intellectually as well as doing abilities.
• Group projects help develop co-operative spirits, community feelings, etc.

Demerits and Limitations  

• It is not completely learner-centered, the supervision of teacher is important for proper guidance to complete the task.
• Poor selection of projects may be either too ambitious that it is beyond the capacity of students or too simple that it lacks educational value.
• Overconsumption of time and rigid time table may not be followed that may upset the time table.
• Over individualism and underdevelopment of co-operation and group responsibility when too much emphasis is put on individual projects.
• Some students may remain in the background and may take very little responsibility and do very little work.
• Lack of communication between teachers and students may result in not properly be supervised by the teacher.
• Subject matter may not be organized properly when the whole course is planned on a project basis.
• Difficult to cover the prescribed course.
• Beyond the reach of ordinary school which does not have proper resources in terms of library, equipment, supplies, space, trained teachers, etc. 

Learning is a comprehensive process which refers to a change in behaviour, knowledge and skills as a result of practice and experience.

Stimulating learning environment is most significant for promoting learning as it refers to the environment which:

• ensures the active and dynamic involvement of learners.
• motivates learners for asking higher-order thinking questions.
• provides concrete and quality learning experience to the learners.
• facilitates learning with hands-on activities, multi-sensory approach, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that stimulating learning environment is most significant for promoting learning.

Heuristic Method

• This method was advocated by Professor H. E. Armstrong (1888-1928).
• The word Heuristic is derived from the Greek word ‘Heurisca’ which means ‘to find out’. It is also known as the ‘Inquiry Method’.
• According to Prof. Henry Edward Armstrong who introduced this method for teaching science, “Heuristic method is a method of teaching which involves our placing of children as far as possible in the attitude of a discoverer”. 
• In this method, the student has to find out the answer to his/her own problem by unaided efforts. Thus, the child becomes a discoverer of knowledge by developing a spirit of inquiry.
• The main aim of teaching by this method is not to provide many facts about Science, Mathematics, Grammar, etc., but to teach how knowledge of these can be obtained.
• It is a Self-learning approach to learning.

The Stages of the Heuristic Method are as follows:

1. Identification of a problem
2. Experimentation and observation
3. Problem-solving
4. Evaluation

Humans have always been curious about the world around them. The inquiring and imaginative human mind has responded to the wonder and awe of nature in different ways. Science is a dynamic, expanding body of knowledge covering ever-new domains of experience.

Key Points At the upper primary stage the teaching of science should have maximum focus on relating classroom learning and life outside of the school. It should not be based on rote-memorization.

• The child should be engaged in learning simple principles of science through familiar experiences, in working with hands to design simple technological units and modules, and in continuing to learn more about the environment through activities and surveys.
• Scientific concepts to be taught at this stage should be chosen so as to be related to and help the child better sense of her everyday experiences.
• Science education at this stage should provide a gradual transition from an expose to ideas of Science through environmental studies of the primary stage to elements of science including its concepts, processes, and methods.
• The emphasis on the process skills of science should continue through the upper primary stage to enable children learn how to learn for themselves so that they could carry on learning to even beyond school. 

Thus, it is concluded that  At the upper primary stage the teaching of science should have maximum focus on relating classroom learning and life outside of the school.

When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt.

Key Points

• Sigmund Freud was the founder of the psychoanalysis approach.
• This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.
• Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.
• The id consists of primal urges while the ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality.
• The superego is the part of the personality that holds all of the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture.
• Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors.

​Thus, it is concluded that the Psychoanalysis school was founded by Freud.

Additional InformationThe following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology:  -

Computer-aided instructions refer to the use of computers in educational instruction to make learning attractive and dynamic with the help of computer technology.

• It provides opportunities for independent study, a wide range of reference material and immediate feedback about achievement in language learning.
• It makes language learning easy and meaningful by furnishing with relevant material, instantaneous response and the freedom to make them work at their own pace.

Computer-aided instructions:

• processes the information suiting to the needs of individual learners.
• offers highly individualized learning experiences to individual learners.
• provides different learning resources based on learner's individual needs.
• caters to the needs of individual learners through a huge amount of information.

Hence, it could be concluded that while learning a language, the computer-aided instruction provides opportunities for independent study; a wide range of reference material and immediate feedback about achievement.

Key Points 

Programmed instruction	It refers to presenting the materials of a new concept gradually to the students to make them work on those materials at their own ease and time.
Direct instruction	It refers to a teaching technique where the teacher presents information by standing in front of the classroom.
Distance instruction	It is used in non-formal education in which education is offered through distance learning courses.

MOOC

1. A massive open online course (MOOC) is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web.
2. In addition to traditional course materials, such as filmed lectures, readings, and problem sets, many MOOCs provide interactive courses with user forums or social media discussions to support community interactions among students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs), as well as immediate feedback to quick quizzes and assignments.
3. MOOCs are a recent and widely researched development in distance education, first introduced in 2008, and emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.
4. Early MOOCs (cMOOCs) often emphasized open-access features, such as open licensing of content, structure, and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources.
5. Some later MOOCs (xMOOCs) use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.

To create a successful education, good classroom management will be so much needed, because by applying this, a teacher can control, organize, assess, and prompt a class well. Based on the fact that the role of a teacher in managing the classroom is needed by the teachers. Role of teacher: 

• A teacher has to be a role model for children to imitate and follow. His/her personality develops to reach towards a humanistic behaviour (behavioural role).
• To guide students and question them to make an impact in learning (affective role).
• A teacher should interact with his students so that they stay motivated and understand their responsibility. (interactive role).
• As a school teacher, you will have a role to be the fulcrum of the school-based planning process (procedural role) as envisaged in the RTE Act and lead the group to the desired objectives of development.
• Physical activity can be conducted, for example, they can be taken to the laboratory, or art/craft can be promoted.
• You may give interest inventories listing a large number of activities and may ask to rank these from most to least preferred.
• Teacher observation may help, the teacher may also watch for attentiveness during the classroom lesson.
• Discussing the students' interests at home with their parents. 
• The teacher will be that of a friend, facilitator, guide, or intervener who should be able to create a conducive learning environment for every child through planned activities.
• The teacher involves students at every stage of the teaching-learning process and uses interactive styles of communication to facilitate his/her learning potential. 
• The learning experiences must be planned and organized taking these into account.
• Direct experiences, the interaction between teachers and students, and interaction between students among themselves are important for this process.
• The teacher should adjust time and allow slower students more time to complete their assignments. 

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about interactive role.

Heuristic Method-The instruction of mathematics lays emphasis upon meaning, understanding, and application. In the Heuristic method, the emphasis is laid on the learners. The teacher provides the task with the steps to solve the problem are done by the students

Key Points

Advantages of the Heuristic method-

• The advantage of the heuristic method is that students think for themselves,
• The students acquire a real understanding of the subject, take more interest, and are willing to learn, and the perception of relationships is made possible.
• The students retain the knowledge for a longer time.
• The students are able to develop the scientific attitudes
• The disadvantage of the Heuristic method-
• it does not follow a textbook, so it is slow and requires better class management techniques
• as a matter of rearranging or transforming evidence in such a way that one is enabled to go beyond the evidence as assembled to new insights 
• It demands extraordinary labor from the teacher and it puts the burden on the teacher for the completion of the syllabus as the teacher can't approach every student individually
• This method is not suitable for lower classes as they have not developed their independent thinking. and this method is not suitable for a larger class.

Hence we can conclude that the demerit is It demands extraordinary labor and special teacher, who is already over-burden.

To create a successful education, good classroom management will be so much needed, because by applying this, a teacher can control, organize, assess, and prompt a class well. Based on the fact that the role of a teacher in managing classroom is needed by the teachers. Role of teacher: 

• The teacher involves students at every stage of the teaching-learning process and uses interactive styles (like prompting children to use different strategies) of communication to facilitate his/her learning potential. 
• A teacher has to be a role model for children to imitate and follow. His/her personality develops to reach towards a humanistic behaviour (behavioural role).
• As a school teacher, you will have a role to be the fulcrum of the school-based planning process (procedural role) as envisaged in the RTE Act and lead the group to the desired objectives of development.
• Physical activity can be conducted, for example, they can be taken to the laboratory, or art/craft can be promoted.
• You may give interest inventories listing a large number of activities and may ask to rank these from most to least preferred.
• Teacher observation may help, the teacher may also watch for attentiveness during the classroom lesson.
• Discussing the students' interests at home with their parents. 
• The teacher will be that of a friend, facilitator, guide, or intervener who should be able to create a conducive learning environment for every child through planned activities.
• The learning experiences must be planned and organized taking these into account.
• Direct experiences, the interaction between teachers and students, and interaction between students among themselves are important for this process.
• The teacher should adjust time and allow slower students more time to complete their assignments. 

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about interactive role.

To understand an abstract concept like education, one is required to explicate its meaning or nature from the point of view of the functions such concepts perform or the contexts in which such concepts are appropriately used.

• Etymologically, the word "Education" is derived from the Latin words "educare", "educere" and "educantum".

Important Points

The nature of education may be enumerated as under:

• Education is both unipolar as well as bipolar in nature.
• According to John Adams education has two aspects: the Teacher and the Child hence it is bipolar in nature.
• John Adams opines that education is a bipolar process because there is a constant interaction between the teacher and the taught or educator and educand.
• John Dewey, defined, education as a tripolar process.
• The Tripolar process of education considers that the development of the child takes place in and through the society, in which the teacher and the child live together.
• Thus, it is society that will determine the aims, contents, and methods of teaching.
• In this way, the process of education contains three poles, namely-(1) The Teacher, (2) The child, and (3) The society.
• The tripolar process of education is a systematic and continuous process.
• It takes place throughout life and no matter at what stage is a child or the learner is, education can take place and it affects his/her growth accordingly through a systematic institution and regulation.

Hence, it is clear that John Adams opines that education is a bipolar process because there is a constant interaction between the teacher and the taught or educator and educand.

Education is purposive in the sense that it is directed towards achievement in some goal or the other directly or indirectly depending on the different forms of education-formal informal and non-formal.

Key Points

• Physical education is a process through which an individual obtain optimal, physical, mental, and social skills and fitness through physical activity.
• Physical education has always been considered an essential aspect of the curriculum right from the time when individuals realized the importance of education.
• It is necessary because it will make all physically fit and healthy to stimulate and satisfy the mind to keep all the socially sound and to give leadership training.
• Aims of physical and health education are to
  • develop desirable understanding, attitude, and practices with regard to nutrition.
  • develop national vitality with character value and physical fitness.
  • develop techniques and tactics involved in organized physical activities, games, and sports.
  • develop motor abilities like strength, speed, endurance, coordination, flexibility, agility, and balance, as they are important.

  • develop socio-psychological aspects like control of emotions, balanced behavior, etc.

Thus, it is concluded that developing national vitality with character value and physical fitness is the aim of physical education.

The word ‘Science’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowing’. Science is the study of the nature and behavior of natural things.

Key Points

The Nature of science -

• Science demands evidence
• Science is a blend of logic and imagination
• Scientific knowledge is durable
• Scientific knowledge is subject to change
• Scientists attempt to identify and avoid bias
• Science is a complex social activity
• Science is both -a process and a product

Therefore, we can say that Science is a blend of logic and imagination. 

The Right to Education Act (RTE) Act:

The RTE Act of the Parliament of India was enacted on 4 August 2009 and came into force on 1 April 2010. This act is also known as the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act because of its provision of, “the fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 to 14 with specifies minimum norms in elementary schools.”

Important Provisions of RTE are as follows:

1. Right of children to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school.
2. It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age-appropriate class.
3. It specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents in providing free and compulsory education.
4. It lays down the norms and standards relating regarding Pupil Teacher Ratios (PTRs), buildings and infrastructure, school-working days, teacher-working hours.
5. It provides for the appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications. 
6. The act prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment.
7. It provides for the development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution, and which would ensure the all-round development of the child.

Hence, the Right to Education Act came into force on April 1, 2010.

Relationships are an essential component of any institution. Teachers can help students by connecting what they say to their previous experience and knowledge. Learning is contextual and one of the most important contexts for human beings is other people. Effective teachers form relationships that are trustful, open, and secure, that involve a minimum of control, are cooperative, and are conducted in a reciprocal, interactive manner. 

Key Points

Interpersonal skills are the skills required to effectively communicate, interact, and work with individuals and groups. Those with good interpersonal skills are strong verbal and non-verbal communicators and are often considered to be “good with people”. Following are the examples of interpersonal skills required by a teacher:-

• Empathy for others.
• Caring attitude.
• Clear communication skills.
• Awareness of yourself and others.
• Respect for everyone and their differences.
• Tolerance and respect for team members.

Important Points

• Culture is a set of rules or standards that, when acted upon by the members of society, produce behaviour that falls within a range of variance the members consider proper and acceptable.
• Teachers need to be excellent communicators and know how to speak to a variety of different people in order to do their job effectively.
• Maintain respect and courtesy for people who come from different cultures.
• Respecting your fellow teachers' boundaries is critical to building a bridge and keeping the workplace civil. Modelling this respect can also help your students learn how to identify and respect others' boundaries, something kids learn through practice. Developing your emotional intelligence will help you empathize with your colleagues and know when to engage and when not to.

Thus, it is clear from the above-mentioned points that respect for differences is desirable for a teacher in a school, for interpersonal skills from fellow teachers of different cultures.

Hint 

• Greeting with a smile, Shaking hands when found and Looking at him, and talking during the conversation, are all essential for a teacher in a school to maintain relationships with teachers but respect for differences is most desirable for the teachers of different cultures.

Reading has been recognized to be one of the primary skills to be mastered in a language. As teachers of English, it is our responsibility to develop our learners’ skills of reading.

Key Points

• Phonics is one of the most important building blocks of reading. It may be referred to as a method used for teaching the reading and writing skills of the English language, which develops the phonemic awareness of the learners.
• It includes the ability to discriminate between sounds and shapes. Phonics involves the teaching of reading by associating characters or groups of characters with sound 
• Teachers need to understand the relationship between letters and sounds before she/he can claim that reading has happened. The Phonic method focuses on one sound/letter as the basic unit.  
• Within this approach, the sound unit is dealt with one at a time i.e. a single graphic unit in various positions, as for example the ‘m’ in ‘man’, ‘music’ or ‘s’ in ‘sit’, ‘star’, ‘vest’, etc.

Thus, it is concluded that the teaching of reading by associating characters or groups of characters with sound is the Phonic method.

Hint

• A whole language approach is a reading approach that emphasizes to integrate all language skills to make language learning easy for primary school children.
• The direct method is a method of English in which the teacher teaches English directly without the use of a medium language.

Problem-solving is an important cognitive activity. It is so central to the process of thinking that many people use it interchangeably with thinking.

• Problem-solving refers to thinking directed towards solving a specific task/situation.
• A moment’s reflection will make it clear that all our day’s activities involve problem-solving.
• The problem may be simple or complex.

Key PointsThis type of thinking has three stages starting from the stage of occurrence of a problem followed by a set of mental operations, leading to the solution of the problem. A problem signifies a situation that requires a solution.

It has three stages or steps as stated below:

• Initial State: identify a problem
• Operation: Actions or steps to be taken
• Goal State: Solution

Thus, when a teacher wishes to apply the problem-solving strategy to help students understand various ways to conserve energy in a school, the first step in the problem-solving strategy will be Identifying wasteful practices.