Teaching Aptitude Mock Test - 4

Socio-constructivism focuses on the collaborative nature of learning. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large.

In Socio-constructivist classroom students rely on others to help create their building blocks, and learning from others helps them construct their own knowledge and reality.

Characteristics of Socio-constructivist classroom:

• It emphasizes collaboration with others for learning.
• It allows learners to foster their own strategy of learning to perform an activity.
• It views learners as makers of meaning and creators of knowledge through social interaction.

Key Points

•   Social-constructivist classroom gives primacy to:
  • peer tutoring.
  • group activity.
  • Challenging environment.
  • Emphasis on students to think divergently and critically.
  • cooperative learning among the students.
• So option (1) is the correct answer.

Important Points

• In a socio-constructivist classroom, the student performs different tasks which helps them to make their thoughts divergent. There is no repetition of the task in socio-constructivist classrooms, hence option (2) is incorrect.
• Rote memorization, learning based on recalling, and repetition are not allowed in a socio-constructivist classroom, so option (3) is also incorrect.
• The classroom should be child-centered, not teacher-centered so that students are allowed to ask questions freely that's why option (4) is also incorrect.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process, thus some principles need to be followed for a better understanding of the concept.

• The term ‘development’ refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects.

Key Points

• ​ There are individual differences in development: Interaction between heredity and environmental influences leads to individual differences in the developmental pattern.
• These differences are caused by the genes one inherits and environmental conditions like food, medical facilities, psychological conditions, and learning opportunities.
• For example, Rohan's learning style is different than Rahul's because of individual differences or variations.

Thus, it is concluded that Rohan learns every lesson quickly by the lecture method, whereas Rahul understands each lesson through the collaborative method of learning. It denotes the developmental principle of individual differences.

 Hint 

• Development is continuous: From the moment of conception till death, the individual is continuously changing. There is no break/discontinuity in development, in some stages development is fast and in some it is slow.
• Development proceeds from general to specific: In all the phases of prenatal (before birth) development and post-natal (after birth) life, the child’s responses are from general to specific. General activity proceeds to a specific activity. For example, when Sufi was less than 3 months of age and was shown a rattle, she would get excited and move her arms and kick her legs. This is a general response. At 5 months of age, she would reach out to hold it in her hand. This is a specific response.

Art Education is a primary pathway to learning, a journey of discovery of the meaning of teaching for aesthetic experience. Art is an expression of ideas created by human imagination, skill, and invention. It is a very important aspect of school education as it helps in developing the overall personality of a child. It helps the students to perform better in academics and to develop their thinking potential

Key Points

• The term symbolism is derived from the word Latin word ‘symbolum’, meaning symbol of faith.
• Symbolism began as a literary concept, but it was later identified by the younger generation of painters (visual artists).
• Symbolist painters focused that art should depict an idea than represent only the natural world in an objective manner in realism and impressionism.
• Symbolist painters wanted to use visual art as an escape from reality and express their emotions, dreams, form, and composition on the canvas.
• It is a movement that is based on showing instead of telling.

Hence we can conclude that symbolism comes under visual art.  

Hint

Performing art: The artist uses their own body, face, and presence as a medium. It is something that is performed, seen, and heard. Such as: Theatre, Music, Dance, Puppetry. 

Activity-based learning as the name suggests actively involves learners in the construction and re-construction of knowledge based on his or her individual experiences. The activity approach takes you a little more time to prepare than a lecture or a demonstration. But the activity approach will not add to your burden. 

Important Points

• The classroom seems creative as the teacher is giving opportunities to students to ask doubts and also to explore the answers which mean Rahul wants his students to be creative and think about the problem.
• This would make them creative and help in developing a scientific attitude as well as scientific temper.
• We cannot say that the teacher is engaged in the irrelevant activity or the students are passing time as these are the parts of the teaching-learning program.

Key Points 

In the activity-based approach, we consider the following assumptions- 

• Pupils have different learning styles (that instruction should accommodate)
• Children’s innate curiosity and self-perpetuating exploratory behavior should form the basis of their learning in school.
• They should have the opportunity to pursue their interests as deeply and as long as they find the pursuit satisfying.
• The individual child often learn in unpredictable ways (and instruction should accommodate such eventualities)
• Children are capable of making intelligent decisions in significant areas of their own learning.
• The function of the school is to help children develop learning to learn in order to become lifelong learners.
• Children have adopted the skill of questioning by discussing among them.
• Learning is facilitated by the relationship of openness, trust, and mutual respect; and school should provide an accepting and warm emotional climate.

Hence, we can conclude that the classroom activity is creative.

Drama is not new for children. We often see children imitating cartoon or film characters or playing games like mother-father, doll’s marriage, school-school, etc. In this manner, during games play children do drama like; imitating someone, exaggerating something and making excuses. The Following are the Key Points Related to it:

• Making use of acting as a day to day activity in a classroom is very different from this.
• In order to use drama as a linguistic activity, two characteristics need to be included- freedom and enjoyment.
• No special preparation is needed by the teacher or children for conducting drama in the classroom.
• The teacher only needs to encourage the children to share their experiences naturally.
• At the primary level, any incident, story or cartoon that children see in their environment can be taken up for acting. For example, any animal, its movement, its complexion, etc.
• At the upper primary level, the teacher should motivate children so that they form small groups wherein they themselves decide the topic, write the dialogues and act it out.
• At the same time, children should be encouraged to act out traditional games and folk tales as this will not only enhance their creativity but also connect them to their cultural environments.

Hence, we conclude that in order to use drama as a linguistic activity the two characteristics that need to be included are ​Freedom and Enjoyment

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development.

• It emphasizes two-fold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner.
• It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.
• It treats evaluation as a developmental process.

Key Points

• Meaning of Continuous: The term ‘continuous’ refers to regularity in assessment. The development of a child is a continuous process. Therefore, students’ development should be assessed continuously. Evaluation has to be completely integrated with the teaching and learning process. 
• Meaning of Comprehensive: The second term associated with CCE is ‘comprehensive’. The term ‘comprehensive’ implies that evaluation of learners’ performance is carried out in both scholastic and co-scholastic areas. 
• Meaning of Evaluation
  • Evaluation in the cognitive domain is associated with the evaluation of cognitive abilities such as knowledge, understanding, application, etc.
  • Evaluation in the affective domain means the evaluation of attributes such as attitudes, motives, interests, and other personality traits.
  • Evaluation in the psychomotor domain involves assessing learners’ skills to use their hands (e.g. in handwriting, construction and projects).

Key Points

Assessment in Co-Scholastic Areas 

Various co-scholastic aspects are-

1. Life Skills - This will enable them to manifest their inner potential with confidence and competence and face the challenges of life. 
2. Attitudes - Students’ attitudes and behavior play an important role in improving their academic achievement as well as shaping their outlook towards the rest of the world.
3. Human Values - A value is a belief that guides a person’s actions and behaviors. Human values refer to spiritual, ethical, and moral values. These values form the bases for our thoughts, action, skills, and behavior.
4. Cocurricular activities and Work Education - recreational games and activities are being increasingly and intelligently designed and promoted for the purpose of wholesome physical development, good citizenship, character education, manners, and courtesy. The development of worthy emotions and feelings heightened inspiration, and wholesome aspirations are also provided in schools
5. Aesthetic, visual and performing arts - Co-curricular activities also include aesthetic activities, performing, and visual arts. A number of activities like Music, Vocal, Instrumental, Dance, Drama, Craft, Sculpture, Puppetry, and Folk Art forms can be organized to develop an aesthetic sense among students.

Important PointsAssessment in Scholastic Areas

• Scholastic areas include all those academic activities which are associated with various subjects.
• The term ‘Scholastic’ refers to those activities, which are related to intellect or the brain. It is related to the assessment of learners in curricular subjects.
• It includes assignments, projects, practicals, etc. Sometimes, these activities are associated with objectives of the cognitive domain i.e. it is expected that students have to achieve objectives of the cognitive domain in specific subject areas.

Mathematics is a study of patterns, numbers, geometrical objects, data, and information. It deals with data analysis, integration of various fields of knowledge, deductive and inductive reasoning, and generalizations.

• The teaching of mathematics should be done by engaging students actively in the learning process.

​
Key Points

Nature of mathematics:

•  As a science of abstract objects, mathematics relies on logic.
• Creativity is as central to mathematics as it is to art, literature, and music as it emphasizes upon solving mathematical problems by more than one approach.
• Knowing maths means that concepts make sense to you and rules and formulas seem natural as knowing maths postulates that rules are rational and formulas are logical.
• Mathematical problems could be solved by more than one method and it only depends upon the preference of the students as there any best method can't be ascertained.
• Mathematics has place for intuition as when students struggle while solving a problem, intuition ensures the sudden realization of problem's solution.

Hence, it is concluded that the 'solving mathematics requires logic and formulas, there is no place for intuition' is not true about the nature of mathematics.

An effective classroom is an open classroom where the teacher is a facilitator and a role model and not merely an instructor. For effective classroom management, it is necessary that pupils are engaged in work.

Key Points

Following are some strategies for the effective classroom-

• Methods like debates, discussions, role play, simulation tasks, brainstorming are oriented towards discovery rather than passive learning and emphasize development and adaptation of instruction to learner needs.
• Linking education with life skills and by developing in them generic skills related to problem-solving, creativity, decision making and a practical and functional outlook thereby ensuring learner-centred pedagogy, student-teacher interaction and heightened involvement on the part of both the teacher and the learner.   
• The teacher arranges lessons to enable students to gain insight and a heightened sense of awareness, coupled with the creation of an encouraging learning atmosphere which helps to realize their potential and lead a healthy and fulfilled life. 

Thus from above-mentioned points, it is clear that in an effective classroom the teacher encourages discussion and makes connections with the students' previous knowledge and background.

Language is a rule-governed system that organises its proper use and dictates how words relate to one another. The acceptable sound combinations of a language are specified in its phonological rules as it:

• promotes the ability to manipulate sounds in spoken language.

• controls the way the sounds change during vocal communication.

• explains how a speaker deals with the underlining representation of a sound while pronouncing the same.

• Eg: 'S' may be pronounced as 's' in "cats" while 'z' in "peas".

Hence, we conclude that The acceptable sound combinations of a language are specified in its phonological rules.

Science is the quest for knowledge, not the knowledge itself. It is an attempt to explain natural phenomena. People from all cultures contribute to science.

• It is a process of finding facts, laws, principles, and concepts but the content does not represent science.
• It engages an individual in both forms of convergent and divergent thinking, as a body of knowledge and a process. 
• Humans come to understand and explore more of the natural world through science.
• Science helps the community and takes the social discussions forward.

Hence, on the basis of above facts, we can conclude that the nature of science is not at all boring.

Social Science is a branch of science that deals with human behaviour and social relationships, which rely primarily on empirical approaches. It is a subject that can develop the child into a good social being.

• The social science encompasses diverse concerns of society and includes a wide range of content drawn from the disciplines of history, geography, political science, economics, and sociology.
• In Social Science, the status of a ‘fact’ is not always fixed. It can be changed as per the situation. 
• Social Sciences stimulates critical thinking and imagination in students.
• The objective of teaching the social sciences is to develop an understanding of the earth as the habitat of humankind and other forms of life.
• Social Science in the school curriculum, it can be said that The main objective of teaching social science is to develop an understanding of man and environment interrelationship at the global level.
• ​We can define a 'fact' as something that actually exists; reality; truth or something is known to exist or to have happened. The status of fact is always fixed for example 'Earth moves around the Sun' is a fact which is always fixed.
• In social science pedagogical approach tend to avoid learning through memorization of facts and data.

Hence, it becomes clear that both of the above statements are incorrect.

Mathematics is a study of patterns, numbers, geometrical objects, data, and information. It deals with data analysis, integration of various fields of knowledge, deductive and inductive reasoning, and generalizations.

• It involves the mathematization of thoughts that develops through mathematical reasoning which consists of abstract statements and their proofs.
• The teacher should focus more on providing practical exercises and abstract knowledge to students to foster their individualized discovery-oriented learning

Key Points

Desirable teaching-learning practice in the context of Mathematics:

• The teacher should make students familiar with the topic and should assess their topical understanding through various means.
• The teacher should provide the students with opportunities to solve challenging problems of mathematics by activities like role play, debate and group discussion, quizzes, etc.
• These activities should be included in a formative assessment so that the strength and weaknesses of the children can be diagnosed and their learning could be improved.
• The teacher should ask thoughtful and open-ended questions revealing the learner's prior knowledge and experiences so that teacher could opt a suitable teaching method.
• Teachers should appreciate the role of innovations and research by students in expanding the knowledge domain of Mathematics so that students can freely express their views and thoughts that will boost their ability to perform mathematical calculations.

Hence, it could be concluded that teacher should ask thoughtful and open-ended questions revealing learner's prior knowledge and experiences is a desirable teaching-learning practice in the context of Mathematics.

Philosophy and education are interconnected in the sense that philosophy deals with the goals and essentials of a good life while education provides the means to achieve those goals of good life. Some of the popular philosophies of education are idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, etc.

Idealism: It is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. Idealism regards man as a spiritual being superior to animals.

Relevance of Idealism in the Contemporary world:

1. Importance must be given to moral and value education.
2. Education according to idealism should be universal in nature.
3. The teacher’s role in today’s world is to ensure the development of self-discipline and self-awareness in the students.
4. Schools and other educational institutions must aim to develop self-realization through helping the students to find their innate capabilities.
5. Idealism is more influential today than before as it promotes peaceful living.

Hence, as you can see, idealism is of great benefit in today’s world as it promotes peaceful living, self-discipline and universal education.

Every individual is a part of the community and it is not merely a History or Geography or Civics or an Economics that matters, but rather the man himself who influences and is influenced by his history, his geography, his civics or his economics and his community. The way to make people aware of themselves and their environment is through education. The aim of providing education to children is the all-round development of their personality. 

Parliament makes laws for the whole country. It is the supreme law-making body in the country. For developing an understanding of the Indian Parliament's role and functions youth parliament activity will be appropriate. 

YOUTH PARLIAMENT:

• There are four techniques which are used to develop skills and attitudes to deal with problems of group life and which have received the attention of educationists:

1. Group Discussion,
2. Sociodrama and Role-playing,
3. Use of Sociograms and other Devices of Sociometry, and
4. Application of Action Research.

• There is a need to develop a programme in which elements of all the four techniques are used and integrated as far as possible. The Youth Parliament is a programme in which group discussion and role-playing techniques can effectively be used. 

The purpose of the Youth Parliament are as follows:

• To make students understand the parliamentary procedure.
• To develop in students an insight into the working of parliament
• To make students consider public issues and form their opinion on them.
• To train students in the technique of group discussion
• To develop in students an ability to arrive at a decision after group discussion.
• To develop in them respect and tolerance for the views of others.
• To develop in them an understanding that respect for rules is essential for conducting any discussion systematically and effectively.
• To train students in group behaviour.
• To make students aware of various problems facing our society and the country.
• To develop in students the quality of leadership.
• To make students understand the common man's point of view and express it in an articulated manner. 

From the above, it's clear that holding youth parliament activity is the most appropriate for developing an understanding of the Indian Parliament's role and functions. Hence, option 3 is correct.

Early literacy is the skills, behaviours and understanding of kid that develop into conventional reading and writing. Because the development of language is integral to early literacy, the process of becoming literate starts at birth. Also, this development is rooted in everyday exposure to books, activities, interactions and print. Note that:

• It is observed that children with developed language and literacy become better readers and writers.
• They need to work two skills sets in the early years: language skills and code-related skills.
• Language skills refer to the ability to understand language and using it. The one who has good vocabulary at the age of three is going to have better vocabulary at the age of nine.
• Code-related skills refers to the knowledge of understanding letters and sounds. It improves reading and listening ability of a child.

Hence, we conclude that the process of literacy starts at birth.

Social interaction

• It is an exchange between two or more individuals and is a building block of society.
• Social interaction can be studied between groups of two (dyads), three (triads), or larger social groups.
• By interacting with one another, people design rules, institutions, and systems within which they seek to live.
• The most common forms of social interaction are exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation. These five types of interaction take place in societies throughout the world.
• Whenever people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, an exchange has taken place.

Hence, we conclude that when Some sociologists give importance to the functioning factors of social interaction. These factors are concerned with goodness, common cause, and the economy of the societies.

The National Policy on Education (NPE) is a policy formulated by the Government of India as a national education system to provide quality education and promote education amongst India's people. The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986. The policy emphasizes the removal of educational disparities by promoting the inclusion of women, SC, and STs in the education system.

Key Points 

The salient features of this policy include:

• Common educational structure
• Decentralization of Education
• National curricular framework with ten common core elements
• Introduction of self-financing courses in Universities
• Equal educational opportunities for all
• Promotion of adult education.
• Use of scientific and technological developments in education
• Operation Black Board for UEE.
• Minimum levels of learning
• Pace setting Navodaya Vidyalayas.
• Vocationalisation of education.
• Raising the status of the teacher.
• Creating awareness about social, economic, cultural, and environmental issues
• Accountability in education
• Technical and Management Education

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the entrepreneurship is not a feature of NPE.

Philosophy and education are interconnected in the sense that philosophy deals with the goals and essentials of a good life while education provides the means to achieve those goals of good life. Some of the popular philosophies of education are idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, etc.

Naturalism: Jean Jacques Rousseau was the major proponent of the naturalistic philosophy. Naturalists believe that nature is the ultimate reality and are opposed to the world of ideas. ‘Back to nature’ is the watchword of naturalism.

Hence, as you can see from the table, learning by doing, the play-way method and co-education are all important tenets of naturalism.

Students like science teacher because he/she must be always available to the students and help them to solve every problem by listening to them.

Few of the qualities of a science teacher are as follows:

• Science teacher is responsible for inculcating the essence of the scientific enterprise among students.
•  A Science teacher should structure the learning experiences in such a way that the nature of science becomes an inherent part of all teaching-learning situations.
• A Science teacher should emphasis historical aspects of the development of scientific concepts
• A Science teacher should help the students to reduce the overload of memorising facts and replace it with an understanding of the facts.
• A science teacher should give importance to activities such as projects, fieldwork, paper reading along with laboratory work and discussion.
• A science teacher must be updated of the facts and principles going around the world so that he/she can always be ready to answer the student's confusion, queries or doubts that may lead to superstitions in future.
• A science teacher has to tackle several superstitions that are just opposite to the facts.
• A science teacher must have patience, scientific attitude and observing power.

Note: Since the students are in class VII we cannot expect them to like the teacher for taking them to the playground or never giving them any homework which is not a good sign for teaching-learning process.

The term 'development' refers to a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly, predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience. There is a natural arrangement of changes in the individuals, and each change is dependent upon the preceding ones, and also affects the following ones. The changes within the development are called 'progressive' because they enable an individual to adapt to and adjust to his/her environment - physical, social, emotional, etc.

Key Points Characteristics of development are:

• Development is a continuous process, it occurs throughout life, and the pace of development may be varying at different ages.
• Development is sometimes predictable as it follows a similar pattern of development as Cephelocaudal and Proximodistal.
• Developments depended on both heredity and environment, according to Woodworth development is a product of heredity and environment.
  • Example: Color of eyes, hairs of the child is same as their parents because of inheritance.
  • Children can learn much from their environment as such, from school culture, their society, their peer groups, etc.
• Development is not linear in shape it is spiral and it can be back and forth throughout life.
• In the given question, Sunita's parents encourage her to dance by clapping, which shows that her parents also have an interest in dancing, so she is also familiar with dancing, and they provide her with the environment of dancing by clapping, by encouraging her.
  • So, Option (1) is the correct answer.

Important Points Development is Life-Long​/Principle of continuity:

• This principle defines development as a life-long process as it does not stop at maturation and continues gradually until reaching its maximum growth. 

 Development is modifiable​: 

• Development may be explained as the series of overall changes in an individual due to the emergence of modified structures and functions that are the outcome of the interactions and exchanges between the organism and its environment. 

 The development follows a pattern:

•  Prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) development of human beings follow a pattern or a predictable sequence. Physical development, motor or language development and intellectual development take place in definite sequences.

The National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) published a document called the National Curriculum Framework (NCF).

• NCERT has published four national curriculum frameworks, first in 1975, second 1988, third 2000, and fourth 2005.
• NCF promotes universal enrollment and retention of children by formulating child-centred approach.

Key Points

The Five Major Salient features of NCF 2005 are perspective reforms, learning and knowledge process reforms, curriculum and assessment reforms, school and class environment reforms, and systemic reforms.

• Its main objective was to constructivist learning with the child-centric learning process, learning without burden, promoting multilingual education, replacing rote learning.
• It ensures that students do not just learn mechanically without thinking.
• A lot of examination and assessment reforms were also introduced through NCF.
• Financial reforms are not the feature of NCF 2005.

Additional Information

The prime focus of NCF was learning without burden to facilitate joyful learning experience.

It emphasized fewer textbooks and a reduction of the curriculum so that children can have a less stressed learning environment.

Hence, it becomes clear that the prime focus of NCF was child-centric learning and Learning without burden.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. A child develops in an orderly sequence which is almost similar in all children.

• The rate and speed of development may vary in individual cases but the sequence of development patterns is almost the same in all children. Thus human development is based on certain principles.
• It is one of the most important principles of development that states every individual although exhibit differences in the change but they follow the same sequence of change.

Key Points

Predictable Patterns of Development: 

• Child development takes place in two directions, one is from the head-to-foot/toe direction and the second is from center to periphery.
  • The Cephalocaudal Development: It exhibits that the development proceeds in the longitudinal direction i.e. from head to toe. That is the reason why a child first gains control over the head before s/he starts walking.
  • The Proximodistal Development: It proceeds from near to the distant and from parts of the body near the center develop first then the extremities. Therefore, the child in the earlier stages of development starts developing the fundamental muscles rather than the smaller muscles or fine motor skills.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Proximodistal principle of development states that motor development proceeds from the center of the body towards the extremities.

Mathematics is the study of geometrical figures, their co-relation, and their dependency on each other. It deals with quantity, measurement, and spatial relationships.

Key Points

• The children will be able to attain expertise in mathematics when their basic concepts are well-cleared and it will also help students to learn the higher-level concepts of mathematics in a more effective way.
• The children in their initial years even before their schooling, starts their process of learning numbers. They are able to verbally speak the counting but it depends on the individual differences.
• Mathematics relies on logic, reasoning, problem-solving, creativity, and mathematical way of thinking. Its main purpose is to make a child competent in carrying out four fundamental operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

There are some properties of numbers based on these fundamental operations are:

Hence, it could be concluded that distributive property of multiplication over addition: p × (q + r) = (p × q) + (p × r).

Learners at the secondary level should understand the importance of keeping Mathematics at a key position in the school curriculum. They should explore the essential topics to be included in the curriculum at various levels of school education.. 

Key Points

• At the secondary stage, students begin to perceive the structure of Mathematics, as a discipline.
• Pure rote-learning until facts are memorized mechanically, is to be avoided and opportunities to be provided to relate conceptual knowledge accompanied with procedural knowledge.
• Examples and activities to be provided for familiarising various concepts through the characteristics of mathematical communication, carefully defined terms and concepts, the use of symbols to represent them and precisely stated propositions and proofs justifying propositions. 

Hence, we can conclude that at the secondary stage, the learner accompanied conceptual knowledge with procedural knowledge.

Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. It refers to development as patterns of change over time. It does not just involve the biological and physical aspects of growth, but also the cognitive and social aspects associated with development.

The life span perspective argues that significant modifications take place throughout development. It consists of the development of humans in multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual factors. The development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation.

Key Points Characteristics of life span development:

• Development is Lifelong: The potential for development extends across the entire life span: there is no assumption that the life course must reach a plateau or decline during adulthood and old age. 
• Development is Multidimensional: Multidimensionality refers to the fact that development cannot be described by a single criterion such as increases or decreases in a behavior. It occurs in the biological, cognitive, and social-emotional domains. 
• Development is Multidirectional: Development is often comprised of multiple abilities which take different directions, showing different types of change or constancy. Some dimensions or aspects of development may be increasing while others are declining or not changing.
• The development follows a definite and predictable pattern: It follows a definite and predictable pattern. There are orderly patterns of physical, motor, intellectual and speech development. Development is governed by certain laws: (i) Cephalocaudal Law- and Proximodistal Law.
• Development is affected by cultural changes: An individual’s development is molded to conform to cultural standards and norms, while changes in these standards affect the developmental pattern. 
• So Option (2) is the correct answer.

Additional Information

•  Human development periods span the lifetime from conception to the end of life. These periods are as follows, prenatal, early, middle and late childhood, puberty, adolescence, young adulthood, early, middle, and later adulthood old age.
• Cephalocaudal Law- It means that development spreads over the body from head to foot.
• Proximodistal Law- It means that development spreads outward from the central axis of the body to the extremities.

Art comprises a diverse range of artists' technical skills and imaginative skills. Art intends to evoke emotions and appreciation of beauty. The artist can engage in creating visual, auditory, or performing arts. Humans need to vent and shape their creative side; therefore, art holds utmost importance from birth to death. 

Important Points

The difference between visual and performing art is as follows-

Visual Arts: It is a form of art where the artist expresses a feeling, opinion, emotion, or taste through visual means.

Types of Visual Arts include-

• Drawing
• Sculpting
• Architecture
• Painting
• Design
• Craft
• Ceramic drawing
• Photography
• Printmaking
• Decorative arts
• Graphic design
• Fashion design
• Interior design

Key Points

Performing Arts: It is a form of art where the artist uses their bodies and voices to express feeling, opinion, message, or emotion.

Types of Performing Arts include-

• Puppetry
• Music
• Opera
• Magic
• Circus art
• Mime
• Dance
• Theatre
• Illusion
• Spoken words

Hence we can conclude that Puppetry is the odd one out as drawing, painting, and sculpture belongs to visual arts, puppetry belongs to performing arts.

Additional Information

Educational Implications of performing and visual arts-

• It fosters and develops physical, social, emotional, and intellectual skills.
• It provides a medium to strengthen auditory, tactile, motor, and visual areas.
• It helps children to relate and understand past experiences with the present and turn ideas into action.
• It fosters originality, creativity, and imagination in children.
• Art instruction helps students to develop language skills, decision-making skills. 

Philosophy is a continuous search for insight into basic realities such as the physical world, life, mind, society, etc. Philosophy and education are interconnected in the sense that philosophy deals with the goals and essentials of a good life while education provides the means to achieve those goals of a good life. Some of the popular philosophies of education are idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, etc.

Idealism: It is a philosophical approach whose basic tenet is that ideas are the only true reality. Idealism regards man as a spiritual being.

Idealism and its goals for education are:

1. Self-realization: Education must aim to make individuals aware of his/her ‘self’. i.e. full knowledge of self as well as the development of the inherent powers of man. It consists of four stages:

1. Physical and Biological self
2. Social self: social relations and social values
3. Mental self: self-directed reasoning
4. Spiritual self: overall transformation of one’s personality

2. Development of spiritual values as opposed to materialistic values
3. Cultivation of truth, beauty and goodness
4. Conservation and transmission of cultural heritage
5. Development of rationality so that children can discover the absolute truth

Hence, as you can see, the main goals of education according to education are self-realization and overall exaltation of personality.

Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings, desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious awareness.

Key Points

Projective  techniques of personality measurement are the tests that are designed to:

• reveal those central aspects of personality that lie in the unconscious mind of an individual.

• evaluate a person's interests, attitudes, pattern of thought, etc while giving responses to ambiguous test materials.
• There are different kinds of techniques or tools in fashion to measure personality.

Important Points Play and Drama:

• While playing, children usually project themselves as characters. For example, a child playing with a toy and considering himself a doctor and doing a toy's operations. We can observe and get to know his subconscious mind when is playing or doing drama. 

Additional Information

• Autobiography of Interviews can be structured, or a person might hide something he does not want to reveal, hence it is not a suitable projective technique for personality assessment.
• Observation is also not get fit in every scenario to get to know someones' subconscious mind.

Hence, we can conclude that Play and Drama is a projective technique of personality measurement.

Lesson Planning: A lesson plan is the teacher’s outline or road map of what students need to learn and how it will be done effectively during a specified time. Planning for a lesson means identification of the sequence and style of presentation and evaluation procedure to be adopted for classroom teaching of a lesson. Hence, it is a proposition in advance which establishes a linkage between the why what, and how of teaching in one period. 

• It makes teaching systematic and well organized.
• It reflects the interests and heads of students.
• It helps teachers in identifying adequate content and its proper sequencing for teaching a lesson.
• It helps teachers to learn to foresee and tackle the learning difficulties of children.
• It enables teachers to utilize the available time properly.

Hence, we can conclude that Lesson Plan helps a language teacher in giving systematic and effective teaching.

One of the most important goals of education the development of language. Language comprises of four skills, listening, speaking, reading and writing (LSRW). Since listening and reading are used as the channels for receiving information, thus these two skills are called as receptive skills. Note:

• Sequencing is the ability of re-telling or putting events within a given text in proper order.
• It would fall under 'listening and reading' activity as this activity refers to the practice of identifying the sounds of speech to interpret messages and comprehending the written text in the proper sequence.
• It requires both the ability of comprehension and interpretation to perceive the text orderly and meaningfully.

Hence, we conclude that ‘Sequencing’ would fall under the above-mentioned reading activity.

Experiments play many roles in science. One of its important roles is to test theories and to provide the basis for scientific knowledge.

• The ability to do a specific task develops only through active involvement and continuous practice.

• The most interesting as well as the favorite part of science for all students is the practical class.
• So letting students practice their experiment under the guidance of the teacher will be the best way to develop the ability of experimentation.
• Experiments also provide evidence and the basis behind the understanding of theory.

Therefore, to develop the ability of experimentation among the students of science it is advised to let them practice their experiments.

The correct answer is I, II, III and IV.

Key Points

• Performing art is a time-based art form that typically features a live presentation to an audience or onlookers.
• It includes acting, poetry, music, dance, magic, and painting.
• Performance art arose in the early 1970s.
• Theatre is the branch of performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience.
• In the context of performing arts, dance generally refers to human movement, typically rhythmic and to music.
• Music is an art form that comprises pitch, rhythm, and dynamics to create sound.

 Thus, we can say that music, dance, drama and magic are all examples of performing arts.

The Right to Education Act commonly known as RTE Act 2009 is an act which aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under the Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.

Key Points

RTE ACT emphasizes : 

• the prohibition of private tuition by teachers to equalize educational opportunities to all.
• the reservation of 25% seats for children belonging to economically weaker sections in private schools.
• 45 hours including preparation hours as the minimum number of working hours per week for the teacher.
• not to deploy teachers in non-academic work except elections, population census, and disaster relief duties.
• the establishment of primary and upper primary schools within the distance of 1km and 3kms respectively from child's house.
• the appointment of trained teachers for better educational outcomes and the improvement of school infrastructure(if needed) in every three years.

Hence, it could be concluded that RTE ACT emphasizes the appointment of an appropriately trained teacher and not to engage the teacher in non-academic work except a few work.

A science teacher’s role is very crucial for the development of scientific temperament among the students.

A few of the qualities of a science teacher are as follows:

• Children comes from different background, and each child has their own culture, myths and superstitions, so a science teacher has to deal with them.
• Science teacher is responsible for inculcating the essence of the scientific enterprise among students.
• Every day, there is a new invention, so a science teacher has to be updated.
•  A Science teacher should structure the learning experiences in such a way that the nature of science becomes an inherent part of all teaching-learning situations.
• A Science teacher should emphasise historical aspects of the development of scientific concepts.
• A Science teacher should help the students to reduce the overload of memorising facts and replace it with an understanding of the facts.
• A science teacher should give importance to activities such as projects, fieldwork, paper reading along with laboratory work and discussion.
• A science teacher must be updated of the facts and principles going around the world so that he/she can always be ready to answer the students' confusion, queries or doubts that may lead to superstitions in future.
• A science teacher must have patience, scientific attitude and observing power.

It should be noted that being serious does not help in any way. So, it is not necessary to remain serious all the time.

Hence, 'A science teacher should always be in a serious mood and strict' is not true.

Art Education is not only relevant for developing creativity and appreciation of art among students but is also necessary for inculcating art-based enquiry skills in the students.

• To know the importance of India’s heritage crafts, both in terms of their economic and aesthetic values.
• To develop students, personalities and mental health
• To spread awareness of India’s vast and diverse art heritage
• To develop creative and critical thinking skills among students

The performative art forms are those forms of art where an artist uses his/her body as a medium of expression; they are through the voice or gesture or facial expression. This art gave expression to the joys and sorrows of the masses.

• The performing arts:
  • Theatre
  • Music (Vocal, Instrumental)
  • Movement and Dance
  • Creative Drama and Puppetry 
  • Creative Writing and Poetry

Hence, we can conclude that performing art gave expression to the joys and sorrows of the masses.

Additional Information

• Graphic arts: A category of fine art, graphic art covers a broad range of visual artistic expression.
• The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional.
• Visual Arts: These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke emotion through an expression of skill and imagination. 

Pedagogy refers to the set of principles that influence the approaches to teaching-learning.

• It consists of a learning environment, teaching-learning arrangements, methods, general educational principles, etc.
• It refers to the study of teaching methods, including the aims of education and the ways in which such goals may be achieved. The appropriate mix and match of technology and pedagogy make technology better than another.

Pedagogy of History: 

• It describes various teaching-learning strategies and learning resources in social sciences.
• It also discusses the planning and organization of teaching-learning experiences, and means of assessing and evaluating students’ learning outcomes at the end of the teaching-learning activities.
• History is a narrative account of the past. It is the story of changing human cultures, beliefs, and lifestyles and helps to build up a sense of what could happen in the future.

Pedagogy of history would try to:

• Build a sense of historical diversity.

• Construct history on the basis of sources.

• Trace continuity and change in the social processes in history.

• View events by situating them within the socio-political context of a particular period.

• Focus on encouraging students to imagine living in the past and relate to their experiences.

• Encourage learners to learn by reading past experiences of others and finding their own.

Note: History accepts the views of all communities, not the dominant one. 

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the pedagogy of history would not try to engage with differences in interpretations and accept the dominant community's views.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, commonly known as SSA, is a flagship program of the Indian government, launched in 2001. It runs in partnership with the state governments and the union territories.

The main objective of SSA is the universalization of elementary education in India as its primary goal is to provide elementary education to all children belonging to the age group from 6-14 years. 

Key PointsOther objectives of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:

• Provide relevant and meaningful education to children in primary school by 2007.
• Provide free and compulsory education to children of 6-14 years age group by 2010.
• Bridge the social and gender gaps at the primary stage by 2007 and at the elementary level by 2010.
• Inculcate value-based learning among children and focus on the satisfactory quality of elementary education.

Hence, it could be concluded that the main objective of SSA is universalizing elementary education.

As you find students for problem-solving, you will first have to keep in mind that we may perceive the same problem in different ways. The engagement of learners through relevant activities facilitate the construction of knowledge. The constructivist perspective provides strategies for promoting learning by all. 

Key Points

A teacher must provide opportunities to the children to think independently, question, enquire, debate, reflect and arrive at concepts or create new ideas. An element of challenge is critical for the process of active engagement and learning various concepts, skills and positions through the process.

The teacher promotes problem-solving skills in the student by-

• provides an opportunity with diverse materials for every child
• allows children to develop and learn at their own pace
• provides a stress-free stimulating and enabling learning environment
• allows children to explore, observe and experiment
• helps children to develop their skills and abilities
• builds experiences on children’s previous experiences and learning
• provides lots of opportunities to learn and encouraging them to explore the given opportunities and materials. 
• Teachers need to collaborate and map the theme together. This helps in creating a holistic plan, encompassing a wide variety of activities addressing progression in learning across age groups.

Thus from above-mentioned points, it is clear that the teacher can promote problem-solving skills in the students by providing students with diverse materials and encouraging them to explore their materials.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. The nature of mathematics is logical and it relies on logic and connects learning with learners' day-to-day life.

Key Points

Some of the important factors which may affect the teaching-learning process in mathematics are as follows:

• Intellectual factor:
  • The term refers to the individual mental level. Success in school is generally closely related to the level of intellect.
  • Pupils with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in mastering school work. Sometimes pupils do not learn because of special intellectual disabilities.
• Learning factors:
  • Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of experimental background may affect the learning process of any pupil.
  • If the school proceeds too rapidly and does not constantly check up on the extent to which the pupil is mastering what is being taught, the pupil accumulates a number of deficiencies that interfere with successful progress.
• Physical factors:
  • Under this group are included such factors as health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and glandular abnormality.
  • It is generally recognized that ill-health retards physical and motor develop­ment and malnutrition interferes with learning and physical growth

Hint

• Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between men and women. It refers to the masculine and feminine qualities, behavior, roles, and responsibilities that society upholds. 
• Gender does not affect learning mathematics in any way. Boys and girls can equally learn mathematics if given proper guidance and learning. 

Hence, we can conclude that gender of learner does not affect learning mathematics.

Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitive school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development. 

• Piaget has identified 4 sequential stages through which every individual progresses in cognitive development. Each stage has an age span with distinctive learning capabilities. This would help frame the curriculum.
• And understanding this development sequence is indispensable for parents as well as for teachers because these influences a great deal during infancy, childhood and adolescence.

Key Points According to Piaget, there are four stages of cognitive development:-

• Stage I - The Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)
• Stage II - The Pre-Operational Stage (2 to 7 years)
• Stage III - The Concrete-Operational Stage (7 to 12 years)
• Stage IV - The Formal Operational Stage

Important Points

Sensorimotor stage:- 

• The sensory-motor stage spans the period from birth to two years when the child begins to talk.
• In the early stages of development, the beginning of thought is concentrated in the physical activity of the child.
• At the sensory-motor stage, the infant’s cognition is centered in his/her activities. 
• The child during infancy, i.e. the first two years of life experiences the world through senses,( nose, ears, and eyes) and interactions with objects through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.
• According to Piaget, children at this stage do not go beyond their immediate sensory experience, i.e. lack object permanence, the awareness that the objects continue to exist when not perceived.
• For example, if you hide the toy in front of the child with which the child has been playing, the young infant would react as if nothing has happened, i.e. s/he will not search for the toy. The child assumes the toy does not exist.
• During the sensorimotor stage, a range of cognitive abilities develops i.e Object permanence, self-recognition, deferred imitation, and representational play.
• They relate to the emergence of the general symbolic function which is the capacity to represent the world mentally.
• At about 8 months the infant will understand the permanence of objects and they will still exist even if they can't see them.

Thus, it is concluded that According to Piaget, that stage of development in which the cognitive development of the child takes place through the nose, ears, and eyes is Sensorimotor.

Additional Information

According to modem education thinkers, the curriculum is not only teaching and learning in the classroom. It also includes work in the library, laboratory, and workshop, participation in games and sports in the playground, and numerous informal contacts between teacher and pupils in these places.

• In these informal contacts, there are very many activities. one of which is co-curricular activities. It is a part of the curriculum of the institution. 

Key Points

• Co-curricular activities are categorized under seven headings:
  • Literary Activities
  • Physical Development Activities
  • Aesthetic and Cultural Development Activities
  • Civic Development Activities
  • Social Welfare Activities
  • Leisure Time Activities 
  • Excursion Activities

Important Points 

• Curricular activities have a number of values like educational value, development of the social spirit, character training education for leadership, worthy use of leisure time or recreational value, team spirit, development of civic virtue, physical development, improved discipline, aesthetic development, and development of cultural values Games,
• Physical development co-curricular activities include - 
  • Indoor and  Outdoor Athletics
  • Yoga
  • Games, Sports
  • Swimming, Gardening

    Thus, it is concluded that physical development co-curricular activities include sports.

Additional Information

• Debate is a part of literary activities.
• A fancy dress competition is a cultural activity.
• A social service camp is social development activity.

B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was an American. His experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behaviour. According to Skinner, there are two types of behaviours, namely respondent behaviour and operant behaviour

Important Points Experiment:-

• In his classic experiment, Skinner placed a semi-starved rat in the box.
• There was a lever that, after being pressed, released a mechanism to deliver a pellet of food to the rat.
• Initially, the rat is engaged in a number of random behaviours like walking, sniffing and scratching.
• None of these helped to get the food. At some point in time, the rat accidentally hit the lever and the food was delivered.
• Of course, for the semi-starved rat, this was a big reward.
• In Skinner's other famous experiment, a pigeon pecks the red ball and gets food. Because of food (reinforcement), the pigeon is likely to peck the same ball again and again. 
• During World War II, Skinner worked on a program called Project Pigeon – also known as Project Orcon, short for Organic Control – an experimental project to create pigeon-guided missiles.
• The pigeons were trained by Skinner to peck at a target, and they were rewarded with food when they completed the task correctly.
• The military canceled and revived Project Pigeon a couple of times, but Skinner’s ideas were never used in combat. “Our problem,” Skinner admitted, “was no one would take us seriously.” And by 1953, the military had devised an electronic system for missile guidance, so animal-guided systems were no longer necessary (if they ever were).

Result:-

• Skinner observed that after a few accidental manipulations of the lever, the rat started spending more time near the lever, and then deliberately pressed the lever whenever it was hungry. So now pressing the lever became a new operant for the rat.           
• Skinner further noted that if the pressing of the lever did not deliver food any longer, the operant behaviour by the rat decreased and gradually stopped altogether. This is known as the experimental extinction of operant conditioning.
• From the pigeon's experiment, he noted that the Right answers are immediately reinforced.

Hence, we can conclude that Skinner conducted his studies on rat and pigeon. 

Education Psychology is a part of your course on Behavioural Sciences.

• Educational psychology by its very nature is dynamic and constantly evolving from childhood till death. Man learns by his intelligence, ability and motivation.
• It helps the teacher to foster harmonious overall development of the student.

Key PointsThe basic aim of education is to modify behaviour. Any modification of behaviour presupposes a knowledge of the development of behaviour. Psychology as a science helps to understand, control and predict behaviour.

• Psychologists, through scientific descriptions of human behaviour and the organic and emotional requirement of the human organism at multiple levels, with individual children, groups of children, parents and at the organizational level , have had a profound influence upon the objectives of educations.
• The goal of education is to help the individual become increasingly self-directive. The teachers have a unique responsibility for teaching certain types of knowledge, skills and developing certain attitudes.

Therefore, it concludes that an educational psychologist works at multiple levels, with individual children, groups of children, parents and at the organizational level.

• Listening is the most important skill to promote active communication. 
• Listening skill is a prerequisite to learning all the other skills in the language. It is a process of deriving the meaning out of what is spoken.
• It is the ability to accurately Identify the sounds of speech to interpret messages for meaningful communication.

Listen and guess is the task that is performed by the listener while listening.

• This task refers to the process of providing description (clues) of something to the students by the teacher and then make them guess about that thing.
• It emphasizes the students to concentrate while listening in order to give a correct answer.

​For example, 

Teacher: An animal that lives in the desert and having a humpback to store fat.

Students (after listening and guessing): Camel.
Note: Mug up refers to the process of memorizing a specific topic.

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Listen and Guess are the various tasks that listeners complete while listening.

Meaning of Role conflict

• Role conflict occurs when there are incompatible demands placed upon a person relating to their job or position.
• Conflict among the roles begins because of the human desire to reach success, and because of the pressure put on an individual by two imposing and incompatible demands competing against each other.
• People experience role conflict when they find themselves pulled in various directions as they try to respond to the many statuses they hold.
• Intra-role conflict occurs when the demands are within a single domain of life, such as on the job.
• Inter-role conflict occurs across domains of life. An example of inter-role conflict would be a husband and father who is also Chief of Police.
• The effects of role conflict, as found through case-studies and nationwide surveys, are related to individual personality characteristics and interpersonal relations.

Issues of collaboration

• Collaboration starts with communication. To improve collaboration, communication is critical. 
• Competition. Turf wars discourage collaboration. Competitive barriers prevent knowledge sharing.  
• Lack of transparency: Without transparency, teams can’t establish trust.
• No team governance: People tend to resent collaboration when they aren’t given clear objectives and key performance indicators.

Conclusion:

Both role conflict and issues of collaboration mainly arise at the workplace when the individual is unable to cope up with the teammates. If an individual is pulled in various directions because of the various status they hold it is called role conflict. On the other hand, if an individual start competing with others or lack transparency in the workplace then it leads to a problem in collaboration.  Since both of these occurs because of inter-personal relationship which is a part of educational sociology. Hence, option (2) is correct.

Source plays a vital role in the teaching-learning process. In education, the meaning of source is any place, book, document, object, and used by a teacher to clarify or enliven a subject. It can also be viewed as material and equipment used in the teaching-learning process. Teaching-learning sources are those resources what teachers use to assist learners to meet the expectations for learning defined by the curriculum. We can also define these resources as materials used by a teacher to supplement classroom instruction or to stimulate the interest of learners.

Types of Learning Sources:

Primary Sources: A source will be considered as a primary source in case it carries newly generated information, the place of incident happen, original work of research, or a new interpretation of already known facts. The document is the first and often the only published record of original research. The information contained in primary sources is generally scattered and unorganized.

• Take, for example, if the teacher panned a trip to Delhi to give the first-hand knowledge about the chapter Delhi sultanates. So the museums, forts, monuments in Delhi will be the primary sources for students to make assignments.
• As per the scenario given in the question, It is a primary type of learning source for encouraging your students to use.

Secondary Sources:  A source which is more or less completely dependent on primary sources for its existence is a secondary source. Information in secondary sources is organized and arranged according to a definite plan. Secondary sources provide second-hand information. Indexing and abstracting periodicals, government documents are examples of secondary sources.

• The textual source is an example of secondary sources. For example, if the student gains knowledge about the Delhi sultanate from the test book. This source is known as a textual source.

Additional Information

• Graphics is the technical resources of the video production process. Graphics are used to convey ideas or present information, which cannot be presented or communicated easily using spoken words or live actions.
• Folk resources are dance and music resources. These resources are helpful to get knowledge about the origin and back history of  Folk dance and music.

Hence, we can conclude that the scenario in the question is reflecting the primary source used by the teacher to teach students.

Language skills are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others. It allows an individual to comprehend and produce language for proper and effective interpersonal communication.

Key Points

• The four basic language skills and their natural order are listening-speaking-reading-writing.
• These foundational skills of language are divided into two categories which are receptive and productive skills.

Let's understand it briefly:

• Productive skills: 
  • The productive skills of language are speaking and writing because these skills can measure a learner's ability to produce language.
  • Both skills are concerned with language product or output through speech or written tests.

• Receptive skills:
  • The receptive skills of language are listening and reading because these skills don't require the production of language.
  • These skills focus on an individual's ability of understanding and comprehend language.

Hence, it could be concluded that Listening is a receptive skill for children at the primary or elementary stage.

The aim of sports training is to improve rapidly the sports performance of a sportsperson particularly in sports competitions, which is mainly based on his physical, psychological, intellectual and technical capacities and capabilities.

In other words, the aim of sports training in competitive sports is to prepare the sports persons for the attainment of highest possible sports performance in competition.

Objectives of Sports Training

• Personality Development
• Physical fitness Development
• Skill / Technique Development
• Tactical Development
• Mental Training

Main characteristics of sports training are as follows:

• Sports Training is Performance Oriented
• Sports Training is an Individual Matter
• Sports Training is Planned and Systematic (Controlled daily routine)
• Sports Training is a Scientific Process
• Sports Training is an Educational Process
• Coach as a leader/Mentor in Sports Training
• Development and Exploitation of Reserves of sportsperson (Utilization of human reserves)
• Sports Training is Controlled Process 
• Sports training is a Process of Development of Hidden Talent (Process of perfection)

Performance during a training session is not a characteristic of sports training.

J.F. Forrester (1948), in Teaching of Social Studies by Mangal defines “Social Studies, are, as the name suggests studies society and its chief aim is to help pupils to understand the world in which they have to live and how it came to be, so that they may become responsible citizens. It aims at promoting critical thinking and readiness for social change, at creating a disposition for acting on behalf of the general welfare, at an appreciation of other cultures and a realization of the interdependence of man and man and nation and nation.” 

Assignment -

• Defined as out-of-class tasks assigned to students as an extension or elaboration of classroom work. 
• It serves as an intellectual discipline, establishes study habits, and eases time constraints on the amount of curricular material that can be covered in class; it supplements and reinforces work done in school.
• In addition, it fosters the student's initiative, independence, and responsibility and brings home and school closer together. 

Kind of Assignments:

• An original assignment that tests concepts is an appropriate and meaningful written assignment in Social Science from the following as it will give the students an opportunity to critically examine, understand, and appreciate the concepts.
• A summary of the chapter will help the learners to explain the chapter in his/her own words. It will develop their cognitive domain.

Searching for an exact answer from the textbook and the previous year's assignment will develop a low level of the cognitive domain of the learner.

From the above, we can conclude that the original assignment that tests concepts is an appropriate and meaningful written assignment in Social Science.

A child passes through the different stages of growth and development, Adolescence is marked as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood.

• It generally starts from 10 to 19 years where the various maturation changes occur in adolescents such as physical changes, cognitive changes, social changes, and emotional changes.
• These changes occur due to hormonal fluctuation in the body. However, the most prominent and visible maturation changes that we can see are physical changes.

Key Points

In this stage, the following physical developments take place in adolescents:

• All glands become almost active.
• Bones and muscles achieve their final shape.
• Growth and functions of organs are at their peak.
• Child achieves his/her maximum limit in physical growth.
• Height and weight increase and achieve their final shape.
• The child is sexually mature and able to reproduce his/her own kids.

Therefore, it can be noted that in the case of adolescents, physical development means maturation process that leads to various physical changes, growth is accelerated, bodily shape changes, changes primary and secondary sexual characteristics become marked.

Additional InformationStanley hall defines this stage as “stress and storm” where there is an upheaval of emotions and feelings among adolescents. there are certain secondary sex characteristics that appear in both boys and girls listed in the table.