Biotechnology and its Applications Test - 8

The resources which cannot be easily replaced once they are destroyed are called as the Non-renewable resources.

Few examples of Non-renewable resources include few species of plants and animals, minerals, fossil fuels, water, wind, land, soil, coal, petroleum and rocks.

Brazil is the Pioneer country in the production of fuel alcohol, which is used in automobiles like cars, buses and motorcycles as a substitute of petroleum.

An aquatic weed like water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is used as a source of biogas through harvesting, chopping and crushing. 

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, vegetable matter, sewage, green waste or food waste. It is a renewable energy source, and in many cases, uses a very small carbon footprint.
Biogas is mainly methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), moisture and siloxanes. The methane gas,hydrogen and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen.

Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles

Malvin Calvin found that certain plants of family-Euphorbiaceae convert a substantial amount of photosynthate into latex containing liquid hydrocarbon, which are potential substitutes for petroleum, eg, Hevea brasiliensis, Euphorbia abyssinica etc and some of the plants of family-Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Leguminosae, Sapotaceae, Mosaceae, Dipterocarpeceae and Compositae. Dead serum of the algae Botryococcus braunii also contains about 70% hydrocarbon closely resembling the crude oil. Most of it is located on cell wall and can be recovered by centrifugation.

Euphorbiaceae serve as the petroplants. Dr. M. Calvin (1979) was the first to collect the hydrocarbons from plants of Euphorbiaceae. He suggested that these can be the renewable substitute for the conventional petroleum sources. Latex of Euphorbia lathyrus contains fairly high percentage of terpenoids. These can be converted into high grade transportation fuel. 

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Biogas and biofertilizer production from agricultural waste is based on the quality of organic substances to produce biogas when decomposing in anaerobic conditions, i.e. without air. This process is called methane fermentation and can be divided into three steps as a result of decomposition of organic substances by two main groups of microorganisms – acidic and methane bacteria.

Three steps of biogas production 
The whole biogas-process can be divided into three steps: hydrolysis, acidification, and methane formation. Many microorganisms take part in this complex transformation with the main role given to 3 types of methane-producing bacteria.

Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Beer is made from four basic ingredients: Barley, water, hops and yeast. The basic idea is to extract the sugars from grains (usually barley) so that the yeast can turn it into alcohol and CO₂, creating beer

Alcoholic beverages have three categories: wine, beer and distilled liquors. Beer is produced by the fermentation of grains which produces only about 3-6% alcohol. Wine is produced by the fermentation of fruit and produces wine with an alcohol content of 6-14%. A distilled beverage, spirit, liquor or hard liquor is an alcoholic beverage produced by distillation of a mixture produced from alcoholic fermentation. This process purifies it and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content. Brandy a spirit, is distinct as a drink from wine (due to distillation), and has a 35% of alcohol content. Other examples of common distilled beverages include vodka, gin, tequila, rum, whisky. 
Rum - 37.5%-80%, Brandy - 35%-60% (usually 40%), Vodka - 35%-50%. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

It was then in 1857 when the French chemist Louis Pasteurfirst described the lactic acid as the product of a microbialfermentation.

Propionibacterium is a Gram-positive, non-motile bacterium that plays an important role in the creation of Emmental cheese, and to some extent, Jarlsberg cheese, Leerdammer and Maasdam cheese. Its concentration in Swiss-type cheeses is higher than in any other cheese. It is this Propionibacterium that is responsible for the holes in Swiss cheese. Through the process of consuming the lactic acid, the bacteria produces acetate, propionic acid, and carbon dioxide as a by product.