Biological Classification Test 6

On the basis of their energy source, organisms are classified as organotrophic and lithotrophs. Most prokaryotes and all non-phototrophic eukaryotes use organic compounds as their energy source and thus, are referred to as organotrophs. They oxidise organic compounds during cellular respiration and the produced oxygen as a byproduct. But some Cyanobacteria and Archaea use inorganic compounds as an electron donor in electron transport chain and are referred to as lithotrophs, none of the eukaryotes falls in this category. Virus act as non-living outside the cell. It becomes active when it enters the host cell and derives the cellular protein from the host.

A b c all are archaebacteria therefore live for many years donot have peptidoglycan due to destruction of it.

Mycoplasma are a mollicute genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membranes. This characteristic makes them naturally resistant to many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. They can be parasitic or saprotrophic.

Lysosomes are the suicidal bags or disposal unit of cell that digest and remove the wear and tear organelles and molecules from the cell. The space between inner (plasma) and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and spirochetes is called as the periplasmic space which contains enzymes for assembly of the cell wall and membrane components, various degradative enzymes that serve as lysosomal enzymes and digest the wear and tear portion of the cell.

The blue-green algae are the prokaryotic organisms. These are unicellular or multicellular organisms. The prokaryotic organisms cannot perform mitosis or meiosis for the purpose of reproduction. The unicellular organisms reproduce through binary fission and the multicellular organisms reproduce by fragmentation. The other method is through the formation of hormogonia.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Mesosomes are formed from the inclusion of plasma membrane. in bacteria mitochondria is absent. in bacteria mesosomes play the role of mitochondria i.e. respiration. so indirectly plasma membrane is involved in the respiration of bacteria.

Arnon illuminated chloroplasts in the presence of water containing ADP, inorganic phosphate and NADP but in the absence of CO₂. Chloroplasts accumulated ATP and NADPH₂ and O₂ is evolved as follows:

2 ADP + 2Pi+ 2 NADP+ 4 H₂O→ 2 ATP + 2 NADPH₂ + 2H₂O + O₂

The above equation shows that the evolution of 1 mole of O₂ was accompanied by 2 moles each of ATP and NADPH₂. ATP and NADPH₂ together provide the energy required for CO₂ assimilation. This is referred to as the assimilatory power (ATP + NADPH₂).

Enzymes needed for the dark reactions of CO₂ assimilation were extracted. When the chlorophyll was discarded and the ATP and NADPH₂ produced previously in the light reactions were used, CO₂ assimilation in the dark was carried out. The photosynthesis products are identified in the stroma.

Bacteria perform important functions in the soil, decomposing organic residues from enzymes released into the soil. Ingham (2009) describes the four major soil bacteria functional groups as decomposers, mutualists, pathogens and lithotrophs. Each functional bacteria group plays a role in recycling soil nutrients.

Methanogens are a type of archaebacteria which are responsible for producing methane in bio gas fermenter

Achaeabacteria are having large differences in their ribosomal RNA structure. The particular RNA molecule sequenced, known as 16S rRNA, is present in them.

Amitosis type of division because prokaryotes lack spindle fibre formation

Besides the nucleus, the eukaryotic cells have other membrane bound distinct structures called organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles. The prokaryotic cells lack such membrane bound organelles.

Prokaryotic cells do not have a cell nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria. Instead, everything is openly accessible within the cell e.g. ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (not attached to the surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum as in animal cells).

In all bacteria double stranded circular DNA is present which not associates with histone protein .But in Mycoplasm DNA is double stranded and linear .

Then the format of question should be which is an exception to Monera kingdom instead of writing 'of Monera kingdom' because in latter case the question already made the acceptance of having the organism in Kingdom Monera.

Mesosomes are found in bacteria. these are infoldings of plasma membrane which increases the surface area. they helps in DNA replication and its distribution, cell wall formation, respiration, secretion

Mycoplasma is the smallest prokaryotic cell, it is also known as PPLO ( pleuro pneumonia  organisms).

The organisms obtaining energy by chemical reactions independent of hight are called chemotrophs. The reductants obtained from the environment may be inorganic (in case of chemoautotrophs) or organic (in the case of chemoheterotrophs). Photoautotrophs organisms that make their own food by photosynthesis, using the light energy. Saprozoic organisms obtain food from dead and decaying matter.

Biogas production involves three steps: (a) breakdown of polymers (b) conversion of monomers into organic acids by microbial fermentation (c) generation of methane by methanogenic bacteria (conversion of organic acids into CH₄ and CO₂

In bacteria, the cytoplasm of outer membrane forms much coiled invaginations called mesosomes that participates in aerobic respiration.

The genetic material of bacteria and plasmids is DNA. Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or phages) have DNA or RNA as genetic material. Genetic material must replicate accurately so that progeny inherit all of the specific genetic determinants (the genotype) of the parental organism.

Nitrogen fixing microorganisms are capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into fixed nitrogen (inorganic compounds usable by plants) .two kinds of nitrogen fixing bacteria are recognized. the first kind, the free living(non symbiotic) bacteria including cyanobacteria and some genera such as Azotobacter,Clostridium,etc.Clostridium includes the genus of anaerobic, gram positive bacteria. whereas Azotobacter refers to the genus of aerobic gram negative nitrogen fixing bacteria.

The main role of bacteria is as a decomposer. The bacteria decompose the complex organic compounds into simple one which are reused in carbon cycle.

They possess a pigment called bacteriochlorophyll which is different from the chlorophyll pigment found in higher plants. This is known as anoxygenic photosynthesis. e.g., Green sulphur (Thiothrix) and purple sulphur (Chromatiun) bacteria. They can perform photosynthesis in far-red light. Rhodospirillum bacteria fixes CO₂ into carbohydrate (Photoautotrophic).

Antibiotics cure disease by competitive inhibition because they belong to the category of enzymes known as reversible inhibitors.The example for competitive inhibition is penicillin

Joseph Lister, 1878, was first to obtain the pure culture of bacteria by serial dilution of liquid medium containing a mixture of the bacterium; option D is correct. R. Koch developed the liquidefeable solid culture medium to facilitate transfer of pure culture to other medium and discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis. Option A is incorrect. L. Pasteur followed the pure culture technique as described by R. Koch and discovered the causative agent of chicken cholera; option B is incorrect. A. Leeuwenhoek formed single lensed microscope to observe the tiny organisms which were then named as microorganisms. 

In pasteurization when heat treated, become denatured and stop the enzymes from functioning. This helps to stop pathogen growth by stopping the functionality of the cell.

Antibiotics, also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are extracted from Bacteria and Fungi both. Among bacteria and fungi, bacterial genera outnumber the fungal genera in production of antibiotics. The highest numbers of antibiotics are derived from bacterial genera Streptomyces and Bacillus and fungal genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium. They were discovered by Alexander Flemming.

Difference between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria –

The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is composed of thick layers peptidoglycan. The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria is composed of thin layers of peptidoglycan.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are microorganisms present in the soil or in plant roots that change nitrogen gases from the atmosphere into solid nitrogen compounds that plants can use in the soil.