Breathing and Exchange of Gases Test 3

Trachea divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary bronchi.

After a forceful expiration gaseous exchange continues uninterrupted because there is always a residual volume of air that continues the diffusion of gasese.

Respiration is a physiological process. Total lung capacity (TLC) includes vital capacity (VC) and residual volume. Cutaneous respiration is the breathing via skin.

Vital capacity includes ERV, TV and IRV or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration.

• In the tissues, where low pO₂, high pCO₂, high H+ concentration and higher temperature exist, the conditions are favourable for dissociation of oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin.
• This clearly indicates that oxygen gets bound to haemoglobin in the lung surface and gets dissociated at the tissues. 

Figure 1 represents the alveoli of healthy person and figure 2 is the alveoli of emphysema patient. The wall of alveoli is get damaged in figure 2 to reduce the surface area for exchange of gases.

Inspiration is the process of intake of oxygen from the surrounding. This is achieved by increasing the volume of thoracic cavity. Contraction of diaphragm relax the sternum that increae the thoracic cavity.

20 – 25% of CO₂ is transported to the alveoli as carbamino-haemoglobin.

In tissues, low pO_2,  high pCO₂, high H⁺ concentration and higher temperature exist,the conditions are favourable for dissociation of oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin.

Epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx.

Tidal volume (TV) = volume moved in one breath.

Normal = 500 ml

• About 70% of TV reaches alveoli (350 ml) Only this amount is involved in gas exchange
• 30% in airways =respiratory passage (anatomical dead space)

So ratio = 350:150= 7:3

Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases.

Water is released in atmosphere along with expired air during respiratory cycle. Air breathing animals lose a large amount of precious water from their respiratory surface through evaporation.

The solubility of carbon dioxide is 20-25 times higher than that of oxygen, the amount of carbon dioxide that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher compared to that of oxygen.

The partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen, as well as the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, influence how readily hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide. The less saturated hemoglobin is and the lower the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is, the more readily hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide (CO) a poisonous gas that is emitted from the exhaust system of a combustible engine of an automobile that uses petrol or diesel as a fuel is odourless, colourless, tasteless and nonirritating. Environmental carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion process from any carbon containing fuel.

Since his chest cavity is punctured, the breathing gets stopped

As we know haemoglobin has more tendency to bind with oxygen but it depends on the concentration of oxygen and CO₂.
So, in point one which gets affected is concentration. It means when there is high O₂, then binding possibility increases.
Second one is low CO₂, low H⁺ concentration so that pH will be high. And last, temperature affects binding process. 

Hairlike structures called cilia line the mucous membrane and move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose. Inhaled air is moistened, warmed, and cleansed by the tissue that lines the nasal cavity.

Nearly 70 percent of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate with the help of the enzymecarbonic anhydrase.