Neural Control and Coordination Test 7

The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain. It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body. It has specific functional lobe which is controls speech, generates several responses to different stimulus. 
So, the correct answer is option B.

The ventral root (motor root) of each spinal nerve consists of axons from motor neurons, whose cell bodies are found within the grey matter of the spinal cord. A ventral root and a dorsal root unite to form a spinal nerve, which passes outward from the vertebral canal through an intervertebral foramen.

There is 12 pair of Carnial nerves.Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem) and in contrast to spinal nerves (which emerge from segments of the spinal cord). Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.The first two nerves (olfactory and optic) arise from the cerebrum, whereas the remaining ten emerge from the brain stem.

Respiration is controlled by the respiratory centers located in the medulla oblongata. It receives the signal and generates the rhythmic nerve impulse which stimulates the movement of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.

In first affects cerebrum and more effective on cerebellum.

The nervous system is made up of a central nervous system which  includes the brain and the spinal cord and a peripheral nervous system consisting  of a network of neurons. The neurons that receive information from the sensory organs and transmit this  to the central nervous system are called afferent neurons while neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to the organs are called efferent neurons. The cell bodies of the afferent neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia. So, the correct answer is option C.

Reflex action is an inborn central nervous system activity, not involving consciousness, in which a particular stimulus, by exciting an afferent nerve, produces a stereotyped, immediate response of muscle or gland. It is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.

The Conus Medullaris or Conus terminalis is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.
The filum terminale provides a connection between the conus medullaris and the coccyx which stabilizes the entire spinal cord.
The spinal cord begins at the occipital bone and extends down to space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The terminal portion of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris. It is tapered and located near the lumbar vertebrae.

There are various motor control areas in the cerebral hemispheres. When the hemispheres of rabbit are removed, then the rabbit shows basic movements. But the major activities like memory and other functional activities are affected. So, the rabbit will die after some time due to loss of the functional areas in the cerebrum. 

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that connects the brain to other parts of the body. It is located in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column. It is about 45 cm long and about 35gm in weight. It is tubular, slightly flattened anteroposteriorly and has cervical and lumbar enlargements. Its cavity is surrounded by grey and white matter. 

The foramen magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone of the human skull. It is one of the several oval or circular openings in the base of the skull (called as foramina). The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum.

Involuntary actions are those action that controlled by medulla oblongata which is a part of the autonomous nervous system where as voluntary actions are controlled by the cerebellum. The medulla oblongata directly controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing and digestion. It is located in the hindbrain, anterior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped and contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers. Hence, the correct answer is option C.

The foramen of Magendie (also called median aperture) is one of the foramina in the ventricular system and links the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna. The two other openings of the fourth ventricle are termed the foramen of Luschka also called (lateral apertures), one either left and right.

The cerebellum is located down to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. The cerebellum is the vital part of the brain that controls the motor movements of the body. Its functions include coordinated movement, balance, posture, speech, etc. Thus his movement and speech becomes unbalanced and uncontrolled. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The grey matter, in the center of the cord, is shaped like a butterfly and consists of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons, as well as neuroglia cells and unmyelinated axons. Projections of the grey matter (the “wings”) are called horns.

1. Frontal lobe - Frontal lobe is located just behind the skull of the forehead, and it governs our ability to reason, make judgements, organise information and control some motor/muscle functions.

2. Parietal lobe - Parietal lobe is near the back and top of the head. It’s involved with visual attention, sensation (touch and pressure) and integration of senses.

3. Occipital lobe - Occipital lobe is located at the back of the skull and controls vision.

4. Temporal lobes - Temporal lobes are located on each side of the head above the ears. They control hearing and are related to smell, taste and short-term memory (especially visual and verbal).

Thus, the correct answer is option C.

The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem, that is situated between the pons and the spinal cord.
The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic (involuntary) functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. 
Thus compression of the medulla oblongata will lead to instant death.
So, option A is correct here.

The cerebellum controls the timing and pattern of the muscle activation during movement. The main function of the cerebellum receives information from the sensory system, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
So, the correct option is 'thinking'.

Hypothalamus of the brain controls emotions like love, anger and pleasure.
Emotion involves two parts of the nervous system - the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system. The limbic system is a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum. It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala. The hypothalamus feeds information into the amygdala. The hypothalamus acts as a regulator of emotion, controlling levels of sexual desire, pleasure, aggression and anger.

Voluntary muscle is controlled by cerebrum and involuntary muscles and activities are controlled by cerebellum.

Medulla oblongata is responsible to regulate respiration, heartbeat rates, vomiting reflex while body balance and movement is controlled by cerebellum.

Cerebrum controls reading, thinking, learning, speech, emotions and planned muscle movements like walking. So, it is a seat of intelligence.
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Hypothalamus secretes hormones which control the secretions of pituitary gland.
Midbrain or mesencephalon is associated with motor control, vision, hearing, temperature regulation, alertness.

For mammals pneumatoxic center present in the pons varoli of hind brain . It can moderate the functions of respiratory rhytm center which is present in the medulla region. The neural signal from this region also decrease the duration of inspiratory and respiratory rate.