Neural Control and Coordination Test 8

There are three cranial nerve with primarily sensory function :
Cranial nerve 1 is also called as olfactory, which modulates smell 
Cranial nerve 2 , this is also called optic, it modulates vision.
Cranial nerve 8 , it is also called as acoustic vestibular, it modulates hearing and balance.

The trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve) is a motor nerve, that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye. The trochlear nerve is unique among the cranial nerves in several respects. It is the smallest nerve in terms of the number of axons it contains and it has the greatest intracranial length. Other than the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), it is the only cranial nerve, that decussates (crosses to the other side) before innervating its target. Finally, it is the only cranial nerve, that exits from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem.

Vagus nerve is the longest nerve and supplies all parts of body other than head,
Out of all of the cranial nerves, the vagus nerve has the longest pathway. It extends from our head all the way into our abdomen. It originates in the part of our brainstem called the medulla. 

Motor neuron is the type of neuron which carries information from CNS to muscles to give the response to the stimulus.

There are 5 pairs of pure motor cranial neurons present in human-like :

III - oculomotor - origins at the floor of midbrain - helps in eyeball movement and accommodation.

IV - trochlear - origins at the floor of midbrain - helps in eyeball movement. VI - abducens - origins at the floor of medulla oblongata - helps in the lateral movement of the eyeball.

XI - spinal accessory - origins from the side of medulla oblongata - helps in neck movement, shoulder and visceral reflexes.

XII- hypoglossal - origins from the side of medulla oblongata - helps in tongue movement.

The parasympathetic nervous system controls homoeostasis of the body and is responsible for "rest and digest" response. It controls involuntary functions of internal organs such as heart rate, digestion, urination, eyes, etc. Parasympathetic nerves are known to control constriction of pupils in response to bright light. Thus increasing the activity of iris. Also, controls gut for digestion and urinary bladder. Sympathetic nervous system originates from the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions and functions to control adrenal gland, sweat glands, pancreas, lacrimal gland. So, the correct answer is option d.

Motor nerves mainly carry the stimulus from the brain to the effector organs. Abducens nerve is a small somatic motor nerve (either of the sixth pair of cranial nerves), which supply the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. 

Humans have twelve pairs of cranial nerves. They are the following: the olfactory nerves (I), the optic nerves (II), the oculomotor nerves (III), the trochlear nerves (IV), the trigeminal nerves (V), the abducens nerves (VI), the facial nerves (VII), the vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII), the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX), the vagus nerves (X), the accessory nerves (XI), and the hypoglossal nerves (XII).

Spinal nerve is a mixed nerve which comprised of motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In humans there are 31 pairs of spinal nerve one on each side of the vertebral column they includes 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The cervical nerves are from the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae, each thoracic nerve T1 -T12 originates from below each corresponding thoracic vertebra. . The lumbar nerves are from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. The sacral nerves which exit the sacrum at the lower end of the vertebral column. The coccygeal nerve is the 31st pair of spinal nerves. It arises from the conus medullaris, and its anterior root helps form the coccygeal plexus.
So, the correct answer is option A.

The vagus nerve exits from the medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. It leaves the skull through the middle compartment of the jugular foramen.

Corpus callosum is the name of nervous band connecting cerebral hemisphere in rabbit. While, it is absent in frogs.
In rabbits, the corpus albicans (Latin for "white body") is an ovarian scar composed of connective tissue that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates, a process called luteolysis. The corpus albicans is primarily made of collagen and persists on the ovary for a few months. It is absent in frogs.
In rabbits, it is also called mesencephalon. The mid brain contains four optic lobes. These four optic lobes together called corpora quadrigemina. Again, absent in frogs.
Hence, the correct answer is Option D.

Spinal nerve is a mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In frogs, there are 10 pairs of nerves (left, right) that arise from the side of the spinal cord. Each of the nerve arises by two roots, a ventral (anterior) and a dorsal (posterior), which unite at their point of exit from the vertebral canal through intervertebral foramen and they emerge between vertebrae. So, the correct answer is option C.

The sympathetic nervous system works for neuronal and hormonal stress response. These type of response is also called as fight-or- flight type of response or sympatho-adrenal type of response. This response occurs at the pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres. These fibres end in the adrenal gland. These fibres secrete acetylcholine which thereby, starts the activation and secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Acetylcholine stimulates the muscles. Adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate the organs such as heart and kidney.
 

The correct option is Option A.
In Humans, the autonomic nervous system is composed of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). 
They have antagonistic (opposite) effects on the internal organs they innervate. 
The SNS is activated during critical situations, like fight or flight responses and consists of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. PNS is activated whilst at rest, such as during food digestion after eating and it consists of motor neurons that control smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. Hence option A is correct.
 

Parasympathetic nervous system increases the activity of gut, salivary gland and urinary bladder .

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) controls the involuntary action. This increases the activity of the gut, salivary gland and urinary bladder. It slows down the heart beat but increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.

The phrenic nerve is a nerve that originates in the neck (C3-C5) and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing, as it passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.

The abducens nerve (or abducent nerve) is the sixth cranial nerve (CNVI), in humans, that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for outward gaze.

In rabbits, there are 37 pairs - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 4 sacral and 6 caudal or coccygeal pairs.

The autonomic nervous system controls functioning of visceral organs. 
The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functions of our internal organs (the viscera) such as the heart, stomach and intestines. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it also controls some of the muscles within the body.

Gyri and sulci are poorly developed folds and indentations in the brain that give it its wrinkled appearance.
The cerebral cortex is the most highly developed area of the brain.

Caudal nerves are present in the rodents. In humans , there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves . There are 8 pairs of cervical nerves , 12 pairs of thoracic nerves and 5 pairs of lumbar nerves and one pair of coccygeal nerves.

In rabbits, the cavity of the olfactory lobe is hollow. This small and hollow cavity is known as rhinocoel. This cavity on both the sides is connected with the cavity of the cerebral hemisphere, known as lateral ventricle.