Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Test 6

A large number of different herbicide classes inhibit photosynthesis by binding to the quinone-binding protein, D-1, to prevent photosynthetic electron transfer. Mostly they interfere with photolysis of water. Herbicides does not interfere with water absorption, translocation of sugar and CO₂​ absorption. 

Some very special sources of genetic diversity have been identified during germplasm evaluation. For example, a thorough evaluation of O. sativa germplasm failed to find resistance to the grassy stunt virus. It was found, however, in just one accession of the closely related wild species, O. nivara (IRGC 101508) from India. IRRI breeders exploited this resistance and subsequently released IR 36, which was at one time the most widely cultivated variety of any cereal (Swaminathan, 1982). Few examples of germplasm have had a similar impact; however, a cursory analysis of rice pedigrees (e.g. IR 36) shows how wide the search has been for new germplasm capable of increasing productivity in rice cultivation.

Coffee was not native to the Americas and had to be planted in the country. The first coffee was grown by Native Americans. The first coffee bush in Brazil was planted by Francisco de Melo Palheta.Coffee production in Brazil is responsible for about a third of all coffee, making Brazil by far the world's largest producer, a position the country has held for the last 150 years.

Organochlorine compounds are highly lipophilic and can accumulate in fat-rich food such as meat and milk (Hernandez et al., 1994). Pesticides are introduced into cattle mainly through fodder or contaminated water used for household and public purposes (Sabbah and Bouguerra 1997).

2, 4-D is a weedicide. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid  is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is a synthetic auxin (plant hormone) and one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. 2,4-D is a possible carcinogen as  per WHO.2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange, a herbicide widely used during the Vietnam War. 2,4-D is primarily used as a selective herbicide which kills many terrestrial and aquatic broadleaf weeds, but not grasses. It acts by mimicking the action of the plant growth hormone auxin, which results in uncontrolled growth and eventually death in susceptible plants.Weed is a wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants. Weedicide is the chemical which kills weeds.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub. It is the sole species of the family Simmondsiaceae, placed in the order Caryophyllales. It is grown commercially for its oil, a liquid wax ester extracted from the seed.

Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used group of insecticides in the world. Their acute toxicity causes a hazard both to professional and amateur users. OPs were first recognised in 1854, but their general toxicity was not established until the 1930s. Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) was the first OP insecticide, which was developed in Germany during World War Two as a by-product of nerve gas development. OPs are all derived from phosphoric acid. They are generally among the most acutely toxic of all pesticides to vertebrate animals. They are also unstable and therefore break down relatively quickly in the environment. So, organo phosphates are more toxic to vertebrates compared to organo chlorine, carbamates and parathion. Thus, option A is correct and other options are wrong.

Triticale is an intergeneric hybrid of wheat and rye. The first one was bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany.

Most of organochlorine pesticides are highly soluble in fat of animals. Further, these chemicals are resistant to be metabolized, so they start accumulating in the bodies of animals. 

In India due to prolonged use of DDT, 13-31 ppm of DDT can be detected in the body fat of people, which is highest in the world. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Genetic erosion is a process whereby an already limited gene pool of an endangered species of plant or animal diminishes even more when individuals from the surviving population die off without getting a chance to meet and breed with others in their endangered low population. Low genetic diversity in a population of wild animals and plants leads to a further diminishing gene pool, inbreeding and a weakening immune system and fast tracks that species towards eventual extinction.