Practical Organic Chemistry Test - 4

Since, fluorine is the most electronegative element, it delocalises the electric charge of the electrons most effectively.
Hence, : CF₂ is the most stable carbene.

Out of sp³, sp and sp² hybridised carbons, sp hybridised carbon is the most electronegative. The larger the 's' character of the atom, the closer the electrons are held to the nucleus. sp³ carbons are the least electronegative as the 'p' character forces the electrons to exist far away from the nucleus, thereby decreasing electronegativity.

Arrangement of atomic nuclei is fixed in different resonating structures of a molecule, i.e., the basic skeleton of the molecule formed by sigma bonds between the combining atoms is fixed and does not change in the different canonical structures.
Also the different resonating structures have the same number of unpaired electrons and the compound is a resonance hybrid of all the resonating structures.
However, the statement (3) is incorrect regarding resonance. Different resonating structures contribute differently to the resonance hybrid depending on their stability. The structures that are more stable contribute more significantly to the resonance hybrid.

Shifting of electrons of a multiple bond under the influence of a reagent is called electromeric effect (E-effect).
It is a temporary effect and occurs only in the presence of an attacking reagent.

The process of differential extraction is based on different solubilities.

For the separation of two immiscible liquids, separating funnel method is used. This method is used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities.