Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Test 20

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types; substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (S_N2) and substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (S_N1) depending on molecules taking part in determining the rate of reaction. Reactivity of alkyl halide towards S_N1 and S_N2 reactions depends on various factors such as steric hindrance, stability of intermediate or transition state and polarity of solvent. S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide or transition state and polarity of solvent, S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide then secondary and then tertiary. This order is reversed in case of S_N1 reactions.

Q. Isopropyl chloride undergoes hydrolysis by

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types; substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (S_N2) and substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (S_N1) depending on molecules taking part in determining the rate of reaction. Reactivity of alkyl halide towards S_N1 and S_N2 reactions depends on various factors such as steric hindrance, stability of intermediate or transition state and polarity of solvent. S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide or transition state and polarity of solvent, S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide then secondary and then tertiary. This order is reversed in case of S_N1 reactions.

Q. Tertiary alkyl halides are practically inert to substitution by S_N2 mechanism because of
 

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types; substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (S_N2) and substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (S_N1) depending on molecules taking part in determining the rate of reaction. Reactivity of alkyl halide towards S_N1 and S_N2 reactions depends on various factors such as steric hindrance, stability of intermediate or transition state and polarity of solvent. S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide or transition state and polarity of solvent, S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide then secondary and then tertiary. This order is reversed in case of S_N1 reactions.

Q. Which of the following is most reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types; substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (S_N2) and substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (S_N1) depending on molecules taking part in determining the rate of reaction. Reactivity of alkyl halide towards S_N1 and S_N2 reactions depends on various factors such as steric hindrance, stability of intermediate or transition state and polarity of solvent. S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide or transition state and polarity of solvent, S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide then secondary and then tertiary. This order is reversed in case of S_N1 reactions.

Q. The most reactive nucleophile among the following is
 

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are of two types; substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (S_N2) and substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (S_N1) depending on molecules taking part in determining the rate of reaction. Reactivity of alkyl halide towards S_N1 and S_N2 reactions depends on various factors such as steric hindrance, stability of intermediate or transition state and polarity of solvent. S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide or transition state and polarity of solvent, S_N2 reaction mechanism is favoured mostly by primary alkyl halide then secondary and then tertiary. This order is reversed in case of S_N1 reactions.

Q. Which of the following is the correct order of decreasing S_N2 reactivity?

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Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both S_N1 and S_N2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent. Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is , the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ and the order of their leaving tendency should be I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻ > F⁻. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on S_N1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on S_N2 mechanism. Influences of solvent polarity: In S_N1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In S_N2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (S_N1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25° water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (S_N2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both S_N1 and S_N2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for S_N2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for S_N1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on S_N1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).

Q. Nucleophilic substitution will be fastest in case of:

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Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both S_N1 and S_N2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent. Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is , the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ and the order of their leaving tendency should be I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻ > F⁻. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on S_N1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on S_N2 mechanism. Influences of solvent polarity: In S_N1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In S_N2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (S_N1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25° water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (S_N2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both S_N1 and S_N2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for S_N2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for S_N1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on S_N1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).

Q. Polar solvents make the reaction faster as they:

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Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both S_N1 and S_N2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent. Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is , the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ and the order of their leaving tendency should be I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻ > F⁻. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on S_N1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on S_N2 mechanism. Influences of solvent polarity: In S_N1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In S_N2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (S_N1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25° water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (S_N2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both S_N1 and S_N2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for S_N2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for S_N1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on S_N1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).

Q. S_N1 mechanism is favoured in which of the following solvents:

Read the  passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both S_N1 and S_N2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent. Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is , the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ and the order of their leaving tendency should be I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻ > F⁻. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on S_N1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on S_N2 mechanism. Influences of solvent polarity: In S_N1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In S_N2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (S_N1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25° water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (S_N2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both S_N1 and S_N2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for S_N2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for S_N1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on S_N1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).

Q. SN1 reaction will be fastest in which of the following solvents?

Read the  passage given below and answer the following questions:

Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkane can be conducted according to both S_N1 and S_N2 mechanisms. However, which mechanism it is based on is related to such factors as the structure of haloalkane, and properties of leaving group, nucleophilic reagent and solvent. Influences of halogen: No matter which mechanism the nucleophilic substitution reaction is based on, the leaving group always leave the central carbon atom with electron pair. This is just the opposite of the situation that nucleophilic reagent attacks the central carbon atom with electron pair. Therefore, the weaker the alkalinity of leaving group is , the more stable the anion formed is and it will be more easier for the leaving group to leave the central carbon atom; that is to say, the reactant is more easier to be substituted. The alkalinity order of halogen ion is I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ and the order of their leaving tendency should be I⁻ > Br⁻ > Cl⁻ > F⁻. Therefore, in four halides with the same alkyl and different halogens, the order of substitution reaction rate is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. In addition, if the leaving group is very easy to leave, many carbocation intermediates are generated in the reaction and the reaction is based on S_N1 mechanism. If the leaving group is not easy to leave, the reaction is based on S_N2 mechanism. Influences of solvent polarity: In S_N1 reaction, the polarity of the system increases from the reactant to the transition state, because polar solvent has a greater stabilizing effect on the transition state than the reactant, thereby reduce activation energy and accelerate the reaction. In S_N2 reaction, the polarity of the system generally does not change from the reactant to the transition state and only charge dispersion occurs. At this time, polar solvent has a great stabilizing effect on Nu than the transition state, thereby increasing activation energy and slow down the reaction rate. For example, the decomposition rate (S_N1) of tertiary chlorobutane in 25° water (dielectric constant 79) is 300000 times faster than in ethanol (dielectric constant 24). The reaction rate (S_N2) of 2-bromopropane and NaOH in ethanol containing 40% water is twice slower than in absolute ethanol. In a word, the level of solvent polarity has influence on both S_N1 and S_N2 reactions, but with different results. Generally speaking, weak polar solvent is favorable for S_N2 reaction, while strong polar solvent is favorable for S_N1 reaction, because only under the action of polar solvent can halogenated hydrocarbon dissociate into carbocation and halogen ion and solvents with a strong polarity is favorable for solvation of carbocation, increasing its stability. Generally speaking, the substitution reaction of tertiary haloalkane is based on S_N1 mechanism in solvents with a strong polarity (for example, ethanol containing water).

Q. S_N1 reaction will be fastest in case of: