Indian National Movement Test - 13

Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. It is also known as Permanent Settlement System. Zamindars were recognised as owner of the lands. They were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants. The realised amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belonged to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belonged to East India Company.

The Khilafat Movement was started by Ali brothers, Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali, in protest against the injustices done to Turkey after the first world war. Mainly, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began to protest. Then, even the Indian Muslims joined, Gandhi supported the movement to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity.

The Permanent Settlement (also known as Permanent Settlement of Bengal) was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was an agreement between the British East India Company and the landlords of Bengal to settle the land revenue to be raised. Lord Cornwallis came to India as the Governor General.

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy, purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. This doctrine was based on the idea that in case a ruler of a dependent state died childless, the right of ruling over the state reverted or 'lapsed' to the sovereign.

The Bengal Sati Regulation,or Regulation XVII, in India, under the East India Company rule, was signed by the Governor-General Lord William Bentinck, which made the practice of sati or suttee illegal in all jurisdictions of India. A regulation for declaring the practice of sati, or of burning or burying alive the widows of Hindus was made illegal, and punishable by the criminal courts.

The Subsidiary Alliance System was extremely advantageous to the British. They could now maintain a large army at the cost of the Indian states. Lord Wellesley signed his first Subsidiary Treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1798. The Nawab of Avadh was forced to sign a Subsidiary Treaty in 1801.

The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood to 1921. It was written in weekly installments and published in his journal, Navjivan, from 1925 to 1929. Its English translation also appeared in installments in his other journal, Young India.

The Arctic Home in the Vedas is a 1903 book on the origin of Aryanic People by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It propounded the idea that the North Pole was the original home of Aryans during the pre-glacial period which they had to leave due to the ice deluge around 8000 B.C. and had to migrate to the Northern parts of Europe and Asia in search of lands for new settlements. In support to his theory, Tilak presented certain Vedic hymns, Avestic passages, Vedic chronology and Vedic calendars with interpretations of the contents in detail.

Naoroji is credited with the founding of the Indian National Congress, along with A.O. Hume and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha. His book, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain.

The Indian War of Independence is an Indian nationalist history of the 1857 revolt by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar that was first published in 1909. The book, initially written in Marathi, was penned by Savarkar in response to celebrations in Britain of the 50th anniversary of the 1857 Indian uprising, with records from India Office archives and the whole project received support from Indian nationalists in Britain, including the likes of Madame Cama, V.V.S. Iyer and M.P.T. Acharya, as well as Indian students who had dared not show their support or sympathy for India House openly.

Manabendra Nath Roy (21^st March, 1887 – 26^th January, 1954), born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, was an Indian revolutionary, a radical activist, who played a vital role in the partition of Bengal Agitation and a political theorist, and a noted philosopher in the 20^th century. Roy was a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India. He was also a delegate to congresses of the Communist International and Russia's aide to China.

Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das), popularly called Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation), (5^th November, 1870 – 16^th June, 1925), was a leading Bengali politician, a prominent lawyer, an activist of the Indian National Movement and founder-leader of the Swaraj (Independence) Party in Bengal during British occupation in India. The Swaraj Party was formed by Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das in order to fight British colonialism from within and give the people of India a responsible and responsive government by making the colonial state accountable.

Annie Besant (1^st October, 1847 – 20^th September, 1933) was a British socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist, writer, orator, and supporter of both Irish and Indian self-rule. She was a Victorian radical whose outspoken views included advocacy of women's rights and opposition to British imperial policies. The conflict between loyalty to national heritage and opposition to traditional patriarchy is the one that colonised women have commonly experienced.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (23^rd July, 1856 – 1^st August, 1920), born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist. Tilak reunited with his fellow nationalists and re-joined the Indian National Congress in 1916. He also helped found the All India Home Rule League in 1916-18, with G. S. Khaparde and Annie Besant. After years of trying to reunite the moderate and radical factions, he gave up and focused on the Home Rule League, which sought self-rule.

The Golden Threshold was written by Sarojini Naidu.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Indian political leader and a social reformer during the Indian Independence Movement. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society in 1905.

Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and also social reform. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions.

a. Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ('self-rule') and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi: "Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it."

b. In the official note, Risley, the Home Secretary to the Government of India said, ''Bengal united is a power; Bengal divided will pull several different ways.''

c. Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian activist. In 1930, Gandhi wrote, ''Such was the man who captivated my heart in blackest of all the blackest crimes that man is at present committing against God and his fair creation.'' Gandhi spoke out against untouchability early in his life.

d. 'Tryst with Destiny' speech was made by Pt Jawaharlal Nehru. ''Long ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.''