Indian National Movement Test - 7

"Long ago, we have made a tryst with destiny. We now move into a period, where we shall pledge to work hard and attain self-dependence in all spheres." These words were said by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru on the first anniversary of Independence Day.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant but short phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and lasted from 1920 to February 1922.

The Lucknow Pact was an agreement that was reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, at the joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916.

The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more briefly known as Mont-Ford Reforms were reforms introduced by the colonial government in British India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India - the Secretary of State for India, during the latter parts of World War I and Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India, between 1916 and 1921.

The World War, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July, 1914 to 11 November 1918.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant but short phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. In that movement, non-violence was employed for the first time which proved as an effective weapon of mass movement.

The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and lasted from 1920 to February 1922. It aimed to resist British rule in India through non-violence. The economic effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement were very significant. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and bonfires were lit of foreign cloth.

During the 1920s and 1930s British attitudes towards India began to shift. This was partly a result of Gandhi's protests and the work of other nationalist leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru. At the same time, India stopped being as important to Britain's economy as it had been in the past. There was also the fact that Britain gave self-rule to the Irish Free State in 1921 and this made it even harder to deny self-rule to India.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s Britain introduced a range of measures that gave more and more independence to India. The number of Indians who were eligible to vote was increased. Indians began to serve on the Council of the Viceroy and also got jobs as ministers in the government. By 1929 Indians were playing an important role in running their country. In 1935 the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act. India was divided into self-ruling territories, which were to be a united federation along the same lines as Australia or Canada. However, India did not have the same levels of independence as these countries.

The British saw their actions as gradually preparing India to earn its liberty and to rule itself. Indian nationalists saw the British measures as a way of hanging on to power and not giving power to Indians. The Indian National Congress, headed by Nehru, became the focus of the campaign for Indians who wanted to see an end to British rule.
World War II also contributed towards changing attitude of British.

The Chittagong armoury raid was an attempt on April 18, 1930, to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury in the Bengal Presidency of British India by armed Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen.

Tuhfatul Muwahiddin is an important work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. The author in this work has analysed a number of aspects of Tawhid. He had not only explained them but has also commented upon the theories of the earlier writers who have attempted to analyse this subject.

The Muslims did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to 2 reasons:

• The Congress party comprised majority of Hindu high-caste Brahmans.
• There was a dispute between Gandhiji, Dr. BR Ambedkar and Jinnah, as Ambedkar and Jinnah were demanding separate electorates, which Gandhiji opposed in the Second Round Table Conference.