Pastoralists in...

Match the following:

Match the following.

The alternation of the monsoon and dry seasons defined the seasonal rhythms of the movements of which of the following communities?

a. The Gollas
b. The Bhotiyas
c. The Kurubas
d. The Sherpas

Which of the following communities combined cultivation with pastoralism?

Which of the following is/are correct about waste land rules that were enacted in various parts of the country from the mid-nineteenth century?

a. All sterile lands were declared as waste lands.
b. Pastoralists were made to settle in waste lands.
c. Uncultivated lands were taken over and given to individuals.

Which of the following statements is/are false?

a. Under the various Forest Acts, the forests that produced commercially viable timber like deodar or sal were declared 'protected'.
b. By the 1880s, the pastoralists were paying taxes directly to the government.
c. Under the Criminal Tribes Act, many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes.

Half of the world's pastoral population lives in Africa. Which of the following communities is not African?

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. The Kilimanjaro Water Project cuts through the Maasai area and gives water for irrigation of the area and for livestock.
b. In 1885, Maasai land was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika.
c. Maasai believed that tilling the land for crop farming is a crime against nature.

Which of the following statements is/are false?

a. The elders of the Maasai society formed the ruling group and decided on the affairs of the community and settled disputes.
b. Pastoralists, like Maasai, were allowed to enter the markets in white areas.

Which of the following statements is/are false?

a. The Gujjars of Gharwal and Kumaon come down to bugyals in winters and go up to bhabar in summers.
b. By April, the Gaddi shepherds move north and spend the summer in Lahul and Spiti.
c. The Bakarwals cross the Pir Panjal passes to enter the Kashmir valley.

Grazing tax in most pastoral tracts of India was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. Which of the following is/are correct about this tax?

a. To enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the grazing pass and pay the tax.
b. The number of cattle heads and the amount of tax paid was entered on this pass.
c. The government always collected these taxes directly.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. Maasai society was divided into different social categories.
b. The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.
c. The tribe appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai, who were responsible for the affairs of the tribe.

Maru Raikas herded which of the following?

a. Camel
b. Sheep
c. Goat

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. Dhangars were a pastoral community of Himachal Pradesh.
b. Dhangars were shepherds, blanket weavers and buffalo herders.
c. Dhangars were listed as a criminal tribe under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871.