Maharashtra Board Class 10 Exam 2023 : Science and Technology Part-II Most Important Question with Solution

In this post Maharashtra Class 10 Science and Technology (Part II) Most Important Question with Solution; PDF refers to the download which contains a Most Important Question for the Science and Technology (Part II) subject for the students. The Question is designed to be a perfect representation of the types of questions and format of the actual board exam.

The solutions provide step-by-step explanations for each question to help students understand the concepts and improve their performance in the subject.

Most Important Question

Q. 1 Find the odd one out:

(1) Transcription, Translation, Translocation, Mutation
(2) Bones of the hands, structure of nostrils, position of eyes, structure of ear pinnae
(3) Venation, Shape of seeds, Leaf petiole, Leaf shape
(4) Human hand, wing of cockroach, forelimb of cat, flipper of whale.

Ans. (1) Mutation (All others are stages of protein synthesis)
(2) Bones of the hands (All the others are morphological evidences)
(3) Shape of seeds (All the others are morphological evidences in plants) 
(4) Wing of cockroach (All others anatomical evidences, they are homologous organs)

Q. 2 Why is it said that Johann Gregor Mendel is the pioneer of modern genetics?

Ans. In 1886, Johann Gregor Mendel performed several experiments on pea plants and proposed laws of inheritance, therefore, he is said to be the pioneer of modern genetics.

Q. 3 Which is nitrogenous base present in -m-RNA instead of thymine present in DNA?

Ans. In m-RNA uracil is present in place of thymine present in DNA.

Q. 4 What does the code for each amino acid consists of?

Ans. The code for each amino acid consists of three nucleotides or 'triplet codon'.

Q. 5 For which contribution was Dr. Har Govind Khorana awarded the Nobel prize?

Ans. Dr. Har Govind Khorana has made an important contribution in discovery of triplet codons for 20 amino acids, for which he was awarded with Nobel prize.

Q. 6 What is the function of r-RNA in protein synthesis?

Ans. rRNA binds together the amino acids brought in by tRNA with the help of peptide bonds and thus helps in the protein synthesis.

Q. 7 How much is the approximate duration of the changes and development of the living organisms on the earth?

Ans. Duration of all these changes and development of the living organisms on the earth is approximately for 300 crore years.

Q. 8 What do the morphological evidences indicate?

Ans. The morphological evidences indicate that there are some similarities in different groups of living organisms which shows that they must have originated from the same and common ancestors.

Q. 9 Oxygen is necessary for complete oxidation of glucose.

Ans. When glucose is completely oxidized in aerobic cellular respiration, it produces 38 molecul of ATP. In cellular respiration, three processes takes place one after the other, these are glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions. In absence of oxygen only glycolysis can occur but further two reactions will not take place. If glycolysis occurs in absence of oxygen, it produces alcohol. By anaerobic glycolysis only two molecules of ATP are produced. This results in less energy supply to the body. Therefore, oxygen is necessary for complete oxidation of glucose.

Q. 10 Krebs cycle is also known as citric acid cycle.

Ans. Sir Hans Kreb proposed this cycle and hence it is called Krebs cycle. These are series of cyclic chain reactions which begins with acety coenzyme-A molecules which act with molecules of oxaloacetic acid. The reactions are catalysed with the help of specific enzymes. The first molecule formed in this reaction is called citric acid. Therefore, Krebs cycle is also called citric acid cycle.

Q. 11 Sometimes, higher plants and animals too perform anaerobic respiration.

Ans. When there is deficiency of oxygen in the surrounding, the aerobic respiration is not possible. In such case, to survive, higher plants switch over to anaerobic respiration. In some animal tissues in case of oxygen deficiency cells perform anaerobic respiration.

Q. 12 We feel exhausted after exercising.

Ans. When we undertake constant exercises, there may be shortage of oxygen for the cells. Therefore, our muscles and other tissues perform anaerobic respiration in such condition. In this process, lactic acid is formed. Molecules of ATP produced in oxidation of food are also much less. Thus, there is less energy in the body and accumulation of lactic acid too. All this brings about a feeling of exhaustion.

Q. 13 Fibres are one of the important nutrients.

Ans. Fibres are indigestible substance. They are thrown out along with other useless and undigested matter. This aids in egestion. Some fibres also help in digestion of other substances. Green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals etc are considered as important in diet as they supply nutritious fibres. Thus, fibres are considered as one of the important nutrients.

Q. 14 Cell division is one of the important properties of cells and organisms.

Ans. Cell division is very essential for all the living organisms. The growth and development is possible only due to cell division. The emaciated body can be restored only through the cell division which adds new cells. Offspring is produced only through the cell division that take place in parents. In asexual reproduction, mitosis helps to give rise to new generation. In sexual reproduction, meiosis helps to form haploid gametes. All such functions show that cell division is one of the important properties of cells and organisms.

Q. 15 How are the various processes occurring in the human body controlled? In how many ways?

Ans. The nervous system and the endocrine system brings about control by nervous and chemical coordination in the body. Due to such coordination different functions of the body are carried out in sequential and controlled manner.

Q. 16 Which different functions are performed by muscles in body?

Ans. There are three types of muscles in our body. The voluntary muscles bring about all the movements according to our will. Involuntary muscles bring about all vital activities of the body. The visceral organs are under the control of involuntary muscles. The cardiac muscles control the movements of heart. Carbohydrates and proteins are stored in muscles.

Q. 17 Which are the important life processes in living organisms?

Ans. The important life processes in living organisms are respiration, circulation, nutrition, excretion, sensation and response through nervous system.

Q. 18  Which life processes are essential for production of energy required by body?

Ans. The oxidation of nutrients that are absorbed in body is done because of oxygen supplied to cells by respiratory and circulatory system. This helps in liberation of energy. Thus respiration, circulation and nutrition are the life processes that are essential for production of energy required by body.

Q. 19 Which are main types of cell division? What are the differences?

Ans. The main types of cell division are mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, the chromosome number remains the same. 2 daughter cells are obtained from one cell. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced to half. From one cell, four daughter cells are obtained.

Q. 20 From which part is seed and fruit developed after fertilization?

Ans. Ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit after fertilization.

Q. 21 What is germination?

Ans. Germination is the process in plants where the zygote develops at the cost of food stored in endosperm of seed forming a new plantlet.

Q. 22 What are sessile and pedicellate flowers?

Ans. Sessile flowers are those flowers without the stalk or pedicel and pedicellate flowers are those with the pedicels.

Q. 23 How do sperms develop?

Ans. Under the influence of the hormones, the germinal epithelial cells of seminiferous tubules in the testis undergo meiosis and develop sperms.

Q. 24 Which sugar is present in semen? Why?

Ans. Fructose is present in the semen which provides lots of energy that sperms require for the survival and swimming up to the oocyte.

Q. 25 What are the components of semen?

Ans. Semen consists of sperms embedded in secretions of prostate glands, seminal vesicles and. Cowper's glands.

Q. 26 Flower is the structural unit of sexual reproduction in plant.

Ans. Flower produces male and female gametes. For this purpose there are essential whorls of androecium and gynoecium. The double fertilization also takes place in flower. Therefore, flower is called the structural unit of sexual reproduction in plants.

Q. 27 Fertilization in plants is called double fertilization.

Ans. After pollination the pollen grains drop on the sticky stigma of the flower. They germinate here producing two male gametes and a long pollen tube. The male gametes travel through the pollen tube till they reach the embryo sac. Here the male gametes are released by bursting the pollen tube. One male gamete unites with the egg cell to form zygote while the second male gamete unites with two polar nuclei forming endosperm. In this way because two nuclei participate in the fertilization process, therefore it is called double fertilization.

Q. 28 By the age of 45-50 women gets menopause.

Ans. By the age of 45-50, the secretion of hormones which control the functioning of the reproductive system is reduced gradually and then it stops. This causes end of menstrual cycle. This results into menopause.

Q. 29 What is ecosystem? Which are its different components?

Ans. In any environment, there are biotic and abiotic components. There are interactions among these components. All such interactions make an ecosystem. The different components in the ecosystem are as follows: Abiotic components: Air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, humidity, etc. Biotic components: All the types of living organisms, like bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.

Q. 29 Which are the types of consumers? What are the criteria for their classification?

Ans. Primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers or apex consumers are the different types of consumers. These types are according to the trophic level to which they belong.

Q. 30 What will be overall effect on that ecosystem?

Ans. If frogs' population declines, there would be imbalance of entire ecosystem. The number of prey and predator populations will change and thus the food chain will come to an end.

Q. 31 What is environment?

Ans. Everything that is around a living organism is called environment.

Q. 32 What is included in environment?

Ans. Environment includes physical. chemical and other natural factors which surround the living organism.

Q. 33 What will happen if number of consumers in environment goes on increasing gradually?

Ans. If number of consumers increase gradually, it will create the scarcity of prey organisms. Then due to lack of prey, the number of consumers will also decline.

Q. 34 What will be the effect of industry established on river bank on the river ecosystem?

Ans. If there are industries established on the river bank, then there is threat to the aquatic ecosystem. It is most likely that the hazardous effluents can be released into the river water. This can cause water pollution resulting into mortality of aquatic organisms. Moreover, this water will no longer remain potable. Hence the health of resident population may also be affected. The food chains and the food web in the river may be terminated due to such pollution.

Q. 35 What are the causes of environmental pollution?

Ans. Causes of pollution are population explosion, rapid industrialization and unplanned urbanization, indiscriminate use of natural resources along with deforestation.

Q. 36 When was UNEP established and how was it established?

Ans. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established in 1972, after discussion on the environmental problems at the conference on human and environment arranged by UN in Stockholm.

Q. 37 Which characters of human beings have proved their supremacy over other animals on the earth?

Ans. On the Earth, human being proved its superiority as compared to other animals with the help of characters like intelligence, memory, imaginary ability, etc

Q. 38 As Uranium-236 is extremely unstable what reactions do take place in it at the time of nuclear fission?

Ans. Uranium-236 being extremely unstable, it gets converted into atoms of Barium and Krypton at the time of nuclear fission.

Q. 39 Why nuclear power generation can be hazardous?

Ans. If accidents happen in the nuclear power plant, this can be very fatal due to radiations, therefore nuclear power generation can be hazardous.

Q. 40 How is acid-rain caused?

Ans. When the fossil fuels undergo combustion, they release nitrogen dioxide which is responsible for the acid-rain.

Q. 41 At which places natural gas based power plants are located and in which states of India?

Ans. Natural gas based power plants are located at Samaralkota and Kondapalli in Andhra Pradesh, Anjanvel in Maharashtra, Bavanaa in Delhi.

Q. 42 Which is a perfect site for the installation of wind turbines?

Ans. The wind velocity is usually high near seashore, therefore this is the perfect site for the installation of wind turbines.

Q. 43 What is solar photovoltaic effect?

Ans. When solar photovoltaic cells convert the solar radiation energy directly into electrical energy, then that effect is called solar photovoltaic effect.

Q. 44 How is electrical energy generated without using the principle of electromagnetic induction?

Ans. Electrical energy can be generated directly from solar radiation without using generator and without using the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Q. 45 Solar thermal power plant :

Ans.  Solar radiation is used to produce thermal energy. For this purpose, many reflectors are used which concentrate the solar radiation on absorbers. The heat energy created due to solar radiations is used to make steam. The steam possesses kinetic energy. This kinetic energy drives turbine and generator. The electrical energy is thus created from this kinetic energy.

Q. 46 Power plant based on natural gas:

Ans. In a power plant based on natural gas, there are three main sections of the plant. There is combustion chamber with compressor in which the steam under pressure is introduced. The natural gas burns in the presence of air in this combustion chamber. This results in a production of a gas which is at very high temperature and pressure. This generated gas from the chamber runs the turbine. The kinetic energy of the turbine drives the generator. The generator produces electrical energy.

Q. 47 On what is the natural method of animal classification based?

Ans. Natural system of classification was based on following criteria such as body organization, types of cells, chromosomes, bio-chemical properties,etc.

Q. 48 On which criteria is system of classification given by Robert Whittaker based upon?

Ans. The system of classification given by Robert Whittaker is based on following criteria like body organization, body symmetry, body cavity, germinal layers, segmentation, etc.

Q. 49 Where is nerve cord of chordate animals located?

Ans. In all the chordate animals, nerve cord is located on the dorsal side of the body.

Q. 50 What is radial symmetry?

Ans. If any imaginary plane passing through central axis of the body forms two equal halves, then it is called radial symmetry.

Q. 51 What are spicules of poriferan animals made up of?

Ans. Spicules in poriferan animals are made up of calcium carbonate or silica.

Q. 52 What are two different forms of the body in coelenterate animals?

Ans. The cylindrical polyp and the umbrella like medusa are the two different forms of the body in coelenterate animals.

Q. 53 What is the function of ostia and osculum in Poriferan animals?

Ans. Water is taken through the ostia and given out through the osculum in case of poriferans while feeding.

Q. 54 What are coral reefs?

Ans. Coral reefs are colonies of specific Coelenterates or Cnidarians.

Q. 55 What is the use of corals?

Ans. Coral is a precious stone which is used in jewellery. The ash obtained from corals is also used in ayurvedic medicines.

Q. 56 What are the divisions or the body In

Ans. Molluscan animal's body is divided into three parts, viz. head, foot and visceral mass.

Q. 57 What is molluscan shall made up of and which part of the body secretes it?

Ans. The molluscan shell is made up of calcium carbonate and it is secreted by the mantle that covers the visceral mass.

Q. 58 Which are the three main parts of the body of a hemichordate animal?

Ans. The hemichordate animal's body is made up of proboscis, collar and trunk.

Q. 59 Which six classes are included in subphylum Vertebrata?

Ans. Subphylum Vertebrata is subdivided into Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. ammals called.

Q. 60 Which different microbes are useful to us?

Ans. Many microbes are useful to us, such as bacteria which are used for making curds from milk, yeast used to ferment the batter of bread, bacteria used for making other milk products, bacteria and fungi used for making antibiotics. The bacteria are even used for pollution control.

Q. 62 Which different products can be produced with the help of Microbes?

Ans. Milk products, cheese, cocoa, pickles made from vegetables, wine and other beverages, bread, probiotic substances and cattle feed are produced with the help of microbes.

Q. 63 What is studied in applied microbiology?

Ans. Applied microbiology is the science in which studies related to enzymes of some prokaryotes and eukaryotic microbes, their proteins, applied genetics, molecular biology, etc. is undertaken.

Q. 64 What is a kefir?

Ans. Kefir is the curd like food products made from sheep milk.

Q. 65 What is the function of Streptococcus thermophiles during the preparation of yoghurt?

Ans. Streptococcus form the lactic acid that make the proteins to gel out forming the thicker consistency of the yoghurt.

Q. 66 How is vegetarian cheese made?

Ans. The enzyme protease that is obtained from fungi is used to make vegetarian cheese?

Q. 67 How is ethanol formed?

Ans. Ethanol is an alcohol which is obtained by fermentation of carbon compounds like fruit juices, maple syrup, sugar molasses, starch of the roots; with the help of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Q. 68 Which different decomposed in biogas plant? materials are

Ans. Bio-degradable substances such as animal and plant wastes, dung and urine of the animals, farm wastes, etc. are decomposed in the biogas plant.

Q. 69 Which useful materials are obtained through it? Which is the fuel out of those?

Ans. The best quality manure and fuel is obtained from the biogas plant. The biogas contains, methane, carbon dioxide and HS in small proportion.

Q. 70 Decomposition occurs through which organisms?

Ans. The methanogenic bacteria present in the excreta of the animals bring about the decomposition of the waste matter.

Q. 71 What do you mean by antibiotic?

Ans. Carbon compounds obtained from some bacteria and fungi which are able to destroy or prevent the growth of harmful micro-organisms are called 'antibiotics'.

Q. 72 What is tissue? What are the functions of tissue?

Ans. Tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar function. Every tissue performs a definite function. E.g. The muscular tissues in the body perform contraction and extensions thereby helping in locomotion. The conducting tissues of the plants like xylem and phloem transport the water and food respectively.

Q. 73 Which technique in relation to tissues have you studied in earlier classes?

Ans. The technique of tissue culture and genetic engineering has been studied last year. Tissue culture is 'Ex vivo growth of cells or tissues in an aseptic and nutrient-rich medium'. Genetic engineering and its use has also been studied under, 'Introduction to biotechnology'.

Q. 74 Which are the various processes in tissue culture?

Ans. Various step-wise processes are done while performing the tissue culture. These processes are primary treatment, reproduction/cell division/multiplication, shooting or rooting, primary hardening, secondary hardening, etc.

Q. 75 Which are the research institutes that are involved with the cell science? Where are they located?

Ans. National Centre for Cell Science located at Pune and Instem' located at Bengaluru are institutes where cell science research is carried.

Q. 76 How are stem cells preserved?

Ans. The stem cell samples are carefully collected from umbilical cord blood, red bone marrow or early embryo and are preserved in small, sterile vials placed at-135°C to -190°C in liquid nitrogen.

Q. 77 What are the sources of stem cells?

Ans. Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord of pregnant mother, in embryo, in red bone marrow, in adipose connective tissue of adult human beings and also in placenta.

Q. 78 What are the two types of stem cells based on the sources?

Ans. Stem cells are of two types, viz. as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells depending upon their source.

Q. 79 Which are the organs that can be donated?

Ans. Organs such as eyes, heart, pancreas, liver, kidneys, skin, bones and lungs can be donated.

Q. 80 In which fields there is considerable progress due to biotechnological research?

Ans. There is considerable progress mainly in the field of agriculture and pharmacy due to biotechnology.

Q. 81 Which living organisms are used as biofertilizers?

Ans. Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anabaena and plants like Azolla are used as biofertilizers.

Q. 82 Which is an important characteristic of the social health?

Ans. Ability to change one's own behaviour according to the changing social conditions is an important characteristic of the social health.

Q. 83 How is liquor produced?

Ans. Liquor is produced from alcohol obtained through fermentation of different substances.

Q. 84 What are the effects of intoxicating drugs?

Ans. Temporarily intoxicating drugs of plant origin and some chemicals may permanently damage the human nervous system, muscular system, heart, etc.

Q. 85 Which are the incurable diseases?

Ans. AIDS, tuberculosis, leprosy, cancer of all types and psychological disorders are incurable diseases.

Q. 86 Why is it dangerous for young children to use mobile phones?

Ans. The radiations emanating from the mobile phones penetrate the bones of children more effectively than the bones of adults, moreover, the brain of the babies is growing and it should not be exposed to radiations, thus it is dangerous for young children to use mobile phones.

Q. 87 How is ideal personality cultivated?

Ans. Ideal personality can be cultivated by deliberate inculcation of characters like time management, planning of our own duties and by having decision power to be socially strong.

Q. 88 What is selficide?

Ans. The person who is engrossed in taking selfies is least bothered about the risks in the surrounding areas, this behaviour is called selficide.

Q. 89 What is hacking of information?

Ans. When using some internet programs, the confidential information about government, institutes and companies is procured from the internet and this data or other ideas are misused, then it is called hacking of information.

Q. 90 What is piracy?

Ans. Piracy means misuse or illegal sale of the somebody else's written literature, software, photos, videos, music, etc. which is obtained from the internet.

Q. 90 What is the work of Salaam Mumbai Foundation? For whom is this work undertaken?

Ans. Salaam Mumbai Foundation runs programs in various schools in Mumbai to empower the slum- dwelling children in the field of education, sports, arts and business. It also helps the children to improve their health and lifestyle through proper education.

Q. 91 What is disaster?

Ans. Disaster is the incidence that occurs suddenly causing heavy damage to life and property. The disaster can be man-made or due to natural reason.

Q. 92 Which disasters have you experienced in your area?

Ans. On 29th August 2017, there was heavy downpour in Mumbai. This disaster has been experienced recently. On 26th November 2008 there was attack at several places by the Pakistani terrorists. The stories about the deaths and damage caused by this disaster were seen in films and learnt about this from our elders.

Q. 93 What are the effects of that disaster on local and surrounding conditions?

Ans. On the 29th August 2017, there was waterlogging in all the shallow areas. All the transport systems collapsed on that day. Large trees fell down injuring the people. The water logging caused condition like floods. Schools, colleges and offices were shut down. People were caught in troublesome situation. On 26th November 2008 many innocent people lost their lives. There was tremendous damage caused to some of the important places like Hotel Taj and Chabad house.

Q. 94 Which are the destructive effects of flood?

Ans. The flood waters uproot the trees, the houses collapse due to surge of water. The fields get waterlogged. The water does not recede. The cattle die of asphyxiation by drowning. Since everything is under water, the process of decomposition begins at a higher rate. This may spread the epidemics of the diseases.

Q. 95 Which are the effects of dry famine?

Ans. In dry famine, there is scarcity of water. The crops die as there is no proper irrigation. There is severe food shortage. Due to dearth of water, the cattle die and human beings are forced to migrate.

Q. 96 Which are the destructive effects of earthquake?

Ans. The earthquake is responsible for large scale devastation. The houses collapse. The roads are damaged making the transportation impossible. The electricity and water supply is disrupted due to damage. There is large scale damage to lives and property.

Q. 97 What is forest fire? What is its effect on environment?

Ans. The largely spread fire of the dry grass, shrubs and trees in the forest due to heightened temperatures is called forest fire. The effect of forest fire on the environment is greatly devastating. Biodiversity is lost. Plants and animals die due to fire. The vegetation becomes dead as the plants turn into ash. The atmosphere is full of smoke and hence causes air pollution.

Q. 98 What is first aid?

Ans. First aid is the primary help given to a sick or injured person until full medical treatment is available.

Q. 99 How can we offer first aid to victims of any disaster?

Ans. The injured person should be helped and kept in a resting position in which he or she is at ease. Depending upon the nature of the disaster, first aid given may be different. But the most important is timely rescue which can help the victim to survive.

Q.100 What for probiotic food is famous?

Ans. In Probiotic food, Lactobacilli bacteria are added. This addition increases the nutritional value of the food. The harmful bacteria, Clostridium are destroyed due to probiotics. They also increase the intestinal flora of bacteria that synthesise the vitamins inside the human intestine. The disease resisting power is also increased due to probiotics. 

Maharashtra Board Class 10 Study Material

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