Punjab Board 12th Exam 2024 : History Important Question with Answers

Class 12th Punjab Board History Students! Feeling exam pressure? Here is your ultimate study guide packed with super questions to help you succeed in your History exam, available in English Medium.

Covering all the major topics from the latest PSEB syllabus, we've got objective questions (MCQs) to test your memory and subjective questions (short answer and long answer) to challenge your understanding.

Whether you're aiming for a quick 1-digit answer or a detailed 5-digit explanation, we have questions to match your needs. Start practicing soon and crack your Class 12 History exam!

Punjab Board History Class 12th Exam 2024 VVI Most Important Question

Very Short Answer type Questions

1. To which language does the word 'Punjab' belong?

Ans. Persian

2. When was Punjab divided on linguistic basis?

Ans. 1966

3. Name the highest mountain peak in the world?

Ans. Mount Everest

4. Name any one histrorical source of Punjab related to the Sikhs?

Ans. Adi Granth Sahib Ji.

5. Who was the author of Tuzak-i-Babari?

Ans. Babar.

6. Name the famous work of J.D. Cunningham?

Ans. History of the Sikhs.

7. Who ruled over Delhi in the beginning of 16th Century?

Ans. The Lodhis

8. When did Sikandar Lodhi get the throne of Delhi?

Ans. 1489 AD

9. Who wad Daulat Khan Lodhi?

Ans. Governer of Punjab

10. Where was Guru Nanak Dev Ji born?

Ans. Talwandi Rai Bhoi Ki

11. What was the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s father?

Ans. Mehta Kalu Ji

12. What was the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s wife?

Ans. Bibi Sulakhani Ji

13. What was the initial name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?

Ans. Bhai Lehna

14. What was the name of Guru Hargobind Ji's mother?

Ans. Mata Ganga Devi Ji

15. What was the name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji's father?

Ans. Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji

16. What was the name of Guru Gobind Singh Ji's mother?

Ans. Mata Gujri Ji

17. What was the childhood name of Banda Singh Bahadur?

Ans. Lachhman Dev

18. In which battle was Banda Singh Bahadur arrested?

Ans. Battle of Gurdas Nangal

19. When was Dal Khalsa formed?

Ans. 29 March 1748 AD

20. Which city was famous for making rugs, sheets and carpets?

Ans. Multan

21. Ahmed Shah Abdali was the ruler of which country?

Ans. Afghanistan

22. Where was Maharaja Ranjit Singh born?

Ans. Badrukha or Gujranwala

23. What was the childhood name of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

Ans. Budh Singh

24. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh die?

Ans. June 27, 1839

25. Whom did Maharaja Ranjit Singh send to invade Kashmir?

Ans. To Faqir Azizuddin

26. Who administered the villages?

Ans. Panchayat

27. In whose name did Maharaja Ranjit Singh issue coins?

Ans. Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji

28. When was the First Anglo-Sikh War declared?

Ans. December 13, 1845

29. Diwan Mulraj Nazim was the Nazim of which state?

Ans. Multan

30. Which was the first battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?

Ans. Battle of Ramnagar

Short Answer type Questions

1. Write short note on geographical features of Punjab.

Ans: a) Himalayas is located to the north of Punjab. It is very high. it protects Punjab and India from foreigner invaders. It also fetches rain as monsoon strikes against it.
b) The sub-mountainious region is located between Shivalik hills and the plains. This region is less fertile.
c) The plains of Punjab is one of the most fertile regions of the world.

2. How did the rivers of Punjab affect its history?

Ans: a) The rivers of Punjab checked the way of foreign invaders.
b) Its rivers has changed the way of foreign invaders a number of times.
c) Rivers of the Punjab has made its land very fertile.
d) It contributed to the prosperty of Punjab which resulted in foreigner’s invasion.

3. How did the forests and hills of Punjab influence its history?

Ans: a) Sikhs used to get shelter in forests and hills when Mughals and Afghans attacked them.
b) Forests and hills helped the Sikhs to restore their strength and wage gurilla war against their enemies.
c) Forests and hills of Punjab contributed to its economic prosperity.
d) Forests and hills helped the Sikhs in setting up independent Misls.

4. Examine the importance of coins in the construction of the History of the Punjab.

Ans: 1. Coins gives us immense information about the Mughals Period and of course about the times of Banda Bahadur, Who first time introduced Sikh Coinage naming “Nanak-Shahi” Coins.
2. Coins are great source of times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his administration.
3. Coins introduced by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, after 1765 A.D. naming “Gobind- Shahi” coins gives us information about Dal Khalsa Period .

5.Throw light on three important sources of information on Punjab History .

Ans: 1. The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singh: In it Captain William Osborne has thrown light on the grandeur of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s court and his military administration.
2. History of the Sikhs: In this book Dr. Mac. Gregor provides useful information about the battles of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Sikhs against the English.
3. The Punjab: In this book, Steinbach has given very important details about the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

6. Write a short note on the historical importance of records of British Indian Government .

Ans: British Indian Government Records are the official records of the British and these records bears the authenticity of the facts of history of not only India history but are the real sources of Punjab history .Specially during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s period to Anglo Sikh wars and including the British regime in Punjab .It largely gives information about Maharaja Ranjit Singh relations with the Afghans , the Britishers and with the Aamirs of Sindh.

7. Explain the political condition of the Punjab in the beginning of the 16th Century?

Ans: In the beginning of 16th century, the poliitical condition of the Punjab was not stable. Rulers adopted the wrong policies. They didn’t take care of their subjects. The government officials were corrupt. Peace was nowhere in the Punjab. The Muslims forcibly converted the Hindus to Islam.

8. Why did Babur invade India?

Ans: Causes of Babur’s invasion:
a) He wanted to expand his empire.
b) He wanted to get the wealth of India.
c) He wanted to spread Islam.
d) There was political instability in India. Babur wanted to get its advantage.
e) Daulat Khan Lodhi had invited him to invade India.

9.Describe the condition of women in Punjab in the beginning of the 16th century?

Ans: The condition of the women was worst. They were treated very badly. Their status was low. The birth of girl was not considered good. Many of girls were killed immediately after birth. Sati and child marriages were pravelent. Widow re-marriage was not allowed.

10. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji why were the rulers unfair?

Ans:
I. They collected pilgrimage tax from Non-Muslims.
II. They were crual towards peasents and common people.
III. They were corrupt.

11. What is the importance of Guru according to Guru Nanak Dev Ji?

Ans:
I. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru is the ladder which takes the man to Almighty.
II. Without Guru’s guidance, none can attain salvation.
III. Guru purifies the human’s mind and gives him the knowledge of trouth.
IV. In the absence of Guru, human keeps on wandering in darkness.
V. True Guru is God Himself, who is revealed through the Shabad.

12. What were Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s views about Caste System?

Ans: Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the Caste System. According to him, God sees the deeds of the people, not the caste. Guru Ji established the institution of Sangat and Pangat in order to remove the caste system from society. He treated all the people equally and preached brotherhood.

13. How did Guru Angad Dev Ji popularized Gurmukhi script?

Ans:
I. Guru Angad Dev Ji standerised Gurmukhi script.
II. It became easier for the common people to use Gurmukhi.
III. It helped in fast spread of literacy among the Sikhs.
IV. The Sikhs’ dependence on Sanskrit ended.

14. Who were the Naxalites? Why did they oppose Guru Arjan dev ?

Ans. Naqshbandi was a movement of radical Muslims. Its main center was at Sirhind. The main leader of this movement was Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi. This movement could not tolerate the progress of any religion other than Islam. When they saw the growing influence of Guru Arjan, they could not stand it. So they started opposing Guru Sahib.

15. write a short note on the relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughal emperors.

Ans. The mughal emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan were contemporaries of the Guru Hargobind Ji. Both of them were religiously intolerant. Wearing of the swords of Miri and Piri and being called as Sacha Padshah by Guru Hargobind Ji was intolerable for Jahangir. He detained Guru Ji in the fort of Gwalior. After Jahangir, Shah Jahan became the emperor. Guru Ji had to fight for battles against him,in which Guru ji was victorious .

16. What is the place of Banda Singh Bahadur in the History of Punjab?

Ans. Undoubtedly, Banda Singh Bahadur occupies a prominent place in the History of the Punjab. He was the first man who laid the foundation of political sovereignty of the Sikhs. He taught the Punjabis the lesson to do or die in order to resist tyrannies. In a short span of 7-8 years he succeeded in shaking the very roots of the mighty Mughal empire. The spark of independence ignited by him continued flickering and which ultimately reduced the great Mughal empire to ashes.

17. Write a brief note on the battle of Gurdas Nangal?

Ans. Abdus-Samad-Khan besieged Banda Singh Bahadur at Gurdas Nangal in April 1715 A.D. This siege continued for eight months. Gradually provisions ran out and condition of the Sikhs grew critical. At this juncture, Baba Binod Singh advised Banda Singh Bahadur to escape from the haveli but Banda Singh Bahadur refused to do so. So, Binod Singh escaped from the haveli with his companions. At last Banda Singh Bahadur had to give in on December 7, 1715 A.D.

18. How Banda Singh Bahadur set up the Sikh Empire?

Ans. Guru Gobind Singh Ji ordered Banda Singh Bahadur to lead the Sikhs in Punjab against the Mughals. When Banda Singh Bahadur came to the Punjab, the Sikhs extended him their full cooperation. He soon conquered Sonipat, Kaithal, Saman, Kapuri and Sadhaura. The conquest of Sirhind in 1710 A.D. was a great success of Banda Singh Bahadur. He made Lohgarh his capital. He issued new coins and established an independent Sikh State.

19. Who was Mir Mannu?

Ans. Mir Mannu was the son of Wazir Kamaruddin of Delhi. He was the Governor of Punjab from 1748 AD to 1752 AD by the Mughals and from 1752 AD to 1753 AD by the Afghans. He

20. What is the meaning of Dal Khalsa?

Ans. Meaning of dal Khalsa was military organization of sikhs it was established by Nawab Kapoor Singh in 1748 AD. Its establishment spread new

21. What is the meaning of Sultab –Ul – Kaum?

Ans. Sultan –Ul –Kaum means the personality who lead the kingdom, whole community and bring unity in empire. Its meaning is king of whole community. This honour was firstly presented to the sikh leader Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.

22. What is the meaning of the word misl ? Describe the misl period.

Ans. Misl is the Arabic word which means equal. In the 18th century, the sikh groups were based on the principle of equality and hence the states under them were called misl. When Abdali returned to Afghanistan in despair, the Sikhs took advantage of this and established 12 independent states in different parts of Punjab, called sikhmisls. These kingdoms were present from 1767 to 1799 AD. This period is called the MislYug in the history of Punjab.

23. Who was the founder of RamgarhiaMisal ? How was it named ? Who was its most powerful sardar?

Ans. The founder of RamgarhiaMisl was Khushhal Singh. He was a resident of Guga village near Amritsar. He had received amrit-pan from BandaBahadur. The capital of this misl was Shri HariGobindpur. The powerful sardar of RamgarhiaMisl was S. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. Pleased with his bravery, the Sikhs gave Jassa Singh the fort of Ramroni. He rebuilt the fort and renamed it Ramgarh. The name of this misl is Ramgarhia after Ramgarh Fort.

24. Write a short note on Tri-partite treaty?

Ans. In 1837 A.D. Russia was fast advancing to Asia. At that time the Treaty was signed among the Britishers, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja on June 26,1838 to face the Russians. Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not want to signed this treaty, but he compelled to do so.

25. What was the term of The Treaty of Lahore ?

Ans. Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1806 A.D. The main term of treaty was that Maharaja Ranjit Singh would not help the Maratha Sardar Jaswant Rao Holkar. Jaswant Rao Holkar suffering a defeat at the hands of the Britishers in 1805 A.D.

26. Where did Maharaja Ranjit Singh and William Bentnick met and for what?

Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and William Bentnick met at Ropar. This meeting was held on 26th October, 1831. The agenda of meeting was related with the area of Sind. Because Sind was geographically and commercially important.

27. What was the position of Kardar during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

Ans. Kardar was the chief officer of the pargana. His position was similar to that of the present Deputy Commissioner. He kept peace in the pargana. He used to follow the orders of the Maharaja. He used to collect taxes. Caring for the interests of the people. He decided civil and criminal cases under the Parganas.

28. Write a note from the local administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Ans. The Maharaja divided each of his provinces into several parganas. The chief officer of the pargana was Kardar . He kept peace in the parganas under his control. He obeyed the orders of the Maharaja and collected taxes. The smallest unit of administration was the village. Villages were managed by panchayats. Panchayats villages. They maintained peace and settled disputes. The city of Lahore was divided into mohallas. Each mohalla was managed by a mohalladar.

29. What was the attitude of Maharaja Ranjit Singh towards his people?

Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a kind ruler. He took great care of his people. He also asked his officers and employees to take full care of the welfare of the people. During the reign of the Maharaja, all jobs were given on the basis of merit. No one was discriminated against. In case of floods or droughts, the Maharaja would waive the taxes of the people.

30. What was the feature of Fauj-e-Khas in the military organization of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

Ans. This army was formed under General Ventura. It consisted of four battalions of infantry, a regiment of cavalry, and an artillery of 24 artillery pieces. The artillery was under General Ilahi Bakhsh. The army was rigorously trained in the European way. Selected soldiers were recruited in this army. Their weapons and horses were also of good quality. This army had its own flag and emblem.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Explain geographical features of Punjab?

Ans. (a) Himalaya is located to the north of Punjab. It is very high. It protects Punjab and India from foreign invaders. It helps in more rains in Punjab region as monsoon strikes against it.

(b) The sub -mountainous region is located between Shivalik hills and the plains .This region is less fertile. It is also called trai reason.

(c) The plains of the Punjab are one of the most fertile region in the world.

(d) TheHimalayas and Sulaiman mountain Region- These mountains expanded from Assam to Afghanistan. It is natural wall which protects from foreign invaders.

(e) The land of Punjab becomes more fertile because of Himalayan rivers. Sulaiman ranges situated in the North-west of Punjab.

2. Explain the social-cultural effects of the physical features of Punjab?

Ans. (a) Special traits of the character of Punjabis:- Frequent foreign invasionsA on Punjab made the people of Punjab fearless and Brave.

(b) Increase in the number of caste and sub-castes:- Most of the foreign invaders settled in Punjab and married with Indian women.As a result so many caste and sub-caste came into being.

(c) Distinct culture of the Punjab:- Mixing of alien people of various cultures and give a birth of distinct culture in Punjab.

(d)Loss half the art and literature:- As a frequent foreign invasions on Punjab art and literature was Ahmad Shah abdali, Mahmud gajnavi,hunas, Mongols destroyed art and literature here.

3. What do you mean by Doab. Give a brief description of 5 of Doabs of .Punjab?

Ans. Doab is Persian word meaning "The land between two rivers" the Punjab has 5 Doabs as given below:

(a) Bist-jalandhar Doab-The region in between the rivers-Beas and Sutlej is called Bist-jalandhar Doab.

(b) Bari Doab:- The land mass between Beas and Ravi rivers is called Bari Doab. Main cities of this Doab are Lahore and Amritsar .It is also called Majha.

(c) Rachana Doab:- The land mass between Ravi and Chenab river is called Rachna Doab. Main cities of this Doab are Gujranwala and shaku pura.

(d) Chajj Doab:- The land mass between Chenab and Jhelum rivers is called chajj Doab .Main city of this is Gujarat .

(e) Sindh Sagar Doab:-The land mass between Sindh and Jhelum is called Sindh Sagar Doab. Main city of this is Rawalpindi.

4. What problems do historians face while writing the history of Punjab ?

Ans. Historians faced the following problems while writing the Punjab history :-

1. Punjab had no separate political identity except during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1792-1839). Otherwise Punjab has always been part of Mughal Empie. As such ,no separate history of the state was ever written.

2. The Punjab was located on the North-West frontiers of India. So, it had always been a target of foreign invaders, who destroyed a lot of useful material, that would have helped the historians in creating the historical data.

3. Mainly ,we depend upon the religious literature of the Sikhs for the purpose of writing Punjab History. However , we have to be cautious while doing so. The religious literature lays more emphasis on the religious aspect of particular period ,mode of worship, sentiments and traditions. On account of this, one tends to ignore some of the true historical facts or History gets so much mixed up with religion and mythology that it becomes difficult to shift out history from religion.

4. Historians face another problem, Sikh and Muslim writers present the same event or the personality subjectively. As such truth, which has to be objective ,gets lost.

5. Religious fanaticism of muslim writers poses another problem. They always distort the political events, with a view either to show their hostility towards Sikh religion or to please their muslim rulers .

6. For writing the history of Punjab i.e. 1469 to 1708, we primarily rely on JANAM SAKHI. However ,we cannot repose our full faith in the Sakhis as many miracle stories have been associated with these Sakhis. Secondly ,there is a discrepancy of the time and date of the occurrence of these stories/events.

7. There have sometimes been disputes about the succession of the Guru in Sikh religion e.g. Guru Arjun Dev Ji, Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Teg Bahadur Ji were respectively opposed by Prithia, Ram Rai and Dhir Mal. These rivals of Sikh Gurus out of jealousy, wrote many extraneous things. Historians face problems while judging these distortions from the historic point of view.

8. During the first half of the eighteenth century, there was political instability, disorder and disturbance in Punjab. The Mughal emperor had lost its grip over Punjab. The invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali further worsened the situations. Sikhs started organizing themselves into ‘Misals’. A lot of significant historical information was ruined in this political turmoil.

9. During the partition of india in 1947, West Punjab and Lahore,the centre of political activities ,became a part of Pakistan. A lot of significant historical material was either destroyd in the holocaust of partition or it was left in Pakistan.

10. Mahants had a monopoly over gurudwaras before 1920. They were turned out of the gurudwaras after the success of Gurudwara Reform Movement and the passing of Gurudwara Reform Act,1925. They took away all the religious books and other source material as if it were their personal property, causing an irrepairable historical loss. Similarly, many Sikh families ,landlords and royal families possess many Pattars, documents, personal correspondence, Vahis, accounts and weapons which can provide vital information but they refuse to co-operate in this regard.

5. What was the condition of Hindus in Punjab in the early 16th century?

Ans. The condition of the Hindus of the Punjab was very pitiable in the early 16th century. They were considered as a second-class citizen compared to Muslims. Muslims had a monopoly on government jobs. Hindu society was divided into Brahmins, Khatris, Vaish and Shudras.

1. Brahmins were not respected in the early 16th century. Muslim rulers did not respect Brahmins. Khatris left the war. They became landlords, traders and farmers.

2. The condition of women in Hindu society was very painful. The girl was killed as soon as they born. Evils like child marriage and veil were very prevalent in the society. The practice of sati was also prevalent. Widows were not allowed to marry again. Thus the condition of women from birth to death was very painful.

3. Education was imparted in temples and pathshalas only. In the beginning education was imparted by pandits. At that time Hindu children also used to go to Muslim madrassas for education.

4. Rituals and superstitions were also prevalent among the Hindus. Many rituals were performed from birth to death.

5. Hindu food was vegetarian. Wheat, barley, rice, maize, milk, yoghurt, ghee and vegetables were available. Meat, garlic and onion were not used. People of smaller castes used to eat meat.

6. The upper class people wore cotton, silk clothes like Muslims. Women and men used to wear jewellery. Noble Hindus were also fond of dance songs and music. They played cards and choppers. How could the dark life of faith and women lead to the development and progress of Hindu society in this environment? The influence of the 16th century can still be felt. untouchability was the main cause of decline of hindu society.

6. Describe Babar's attacks on the Punjab.

Ans. Babar seized kabul in 1504 AD. From 1519 to 1526 AD he Carried out five attacks on Punjab .The details of which are given below:

1. First attack: - The first invasion took place in 1519 AD. Dangerous tribes were suppressed by force. Going further, he persecuted the people of Bhera, Bhera. He killed people to dominate. After some time, he appointed Hindu as the head of Bhera and went to Kabul. .

2. Second attack: - In December 1519 Babur reached Peshawar through the Khyber Pass and wanted to conquer India ,but he had to retreat due to a revolt in Badakhshan.

3. Third attack: - Babur launched the third invasion in 1520 AD in Bhera, Bajaur, Aminabad and Sialkot. Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji also recorded babur's invasions in his Bani.

4. Fourth attack: - 1524 AD. In 1941, he launched his fourth attack to conquer Punjab and Delhi. A message had been sent by Daulat Khan Lodhi to invade India.

5. Fifth attack: - When Babar heard of the expulsion of the Mughal chiefs from the Punjab, he sent for them in 1525 AD. On the way, his son Humayun met Badakhshan and tortured the people. When Babar reached Lahore, he found out that Daulat Khan Lodhi had left Lahore and fled away. Babar moved towards Delhi. Ibrahim Lodhi too moved towards Dehi. He marched on Punjab with his large army to oppose Babar. A fierce battle took place between the two armies at Panipat. Ibrahim was defeated by an efficient military war strategy and Delhi, Agra, Punjab came under the control of babur.

7. Describe the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das ji.

Ans. Condemnation of Caste System and Untouchability :Guru Amar Das ji condemned the caste system and untouchability. He made it compulsory for each visitor to sit in a Pangat to have Langar only then they were allowed to meet Guruji. In this way, Langar system abolished caste system and untouchability to a great extent.

2. Condemn the Sati System:At that time, in the society a woman whose husband had died was burnt alive on the pyre of her husband. Guru Amar Das Jicriticised this custom that was prevalent in society for centuries.

3.Condemnation of PardahSystem :GuruAmar Das ji strongly criticised pardah system. He ordered women to sit in Sangat without purdah.

4.Opposed Child Marriage :Guru Amar Das ji vigorously opposed child marriage. It was a great hindrance in the physical and mental development of girls. Guru ji raised voice against this evil.

5.Prohibition of Intoxicants :Guru ji strongly forbade the use of intoxicants. Guruji ordered the sikhs to stay away from these evils and laid emphasis on reciting the Bani.

6.New rituals for Sikhs :Guru Amar Das Ji introduced now rituals for the Sikhs on the occasions of birth, marriage and death. Guru Amar Das ji composed bani namedAnand Sahib and ordered Sikhs to recite Gurbani at all other occasions.

8. Write a note on Manji System?

Ans. Guru Amar Das ji was the founder of Manji System. At that time the number of Sikhs had increased tremendously and it become difficult for Guruji to personally approach them. And due to the growing age of Guru Amar Das ji, it was difficult to preach in distant areas. For the development of Sikhism Guru Amar Das ji established 22 Manjis during his life time. Meaning of Manji System and Functions of the Manjidar The head of Manjis were called Manjidars. The Manjidar represented the Guru in the area under him. He worked for the propagation of Sikhism and conveyed the Hukams of Guru ji to the Sikhs. Manjidar also imparted religious education to the people. He also visited Guruji at least once in a year with the Sangat of his region at Goindwal Sahib.Manjidar collect money for langar and other works from Sikhs besides the propagation of religion.

Importance: The Manji system played a commendable role in the development of Sikhism This system helped in the propagation of Sikhism to distant areas. Due to the influence of Manjidars, people joined Sikhism in large number. No doubt Manji system had far reaching effects. It greatly enhanced the popularity of Sikhism.

9. Write notes on the life of Guru Arjan and his contribution to the Sikh Panth.

Ans. BIRTH AND LIFE: - He belonged to the Khatri family of the Sodhi caste. He married Ganga Devi, daughter of Krishna Chand, a resident of Mau village (Phillaur). In 1595 AD, a child was born in his house named Hargobind. Prithiya, who was Aap Ji's elder brother, considered himself entitled to the Guruship, but seeing his service, devotion and humility, Guru Ram Das appointed his successor in 1581 AD. Thus he became the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. Contribution to the Sikh Panth: Guru Arjan held the Guruship from 1581 AD to 1606 AD. His enthronement ushered in a new era. Guru Sahib did many things for the development of the Sikh Panth, the details of which are as follows.

1. Construction of Golden Temple: The greatest work of Guru Arjan was the construction of Golden Temple. Guru Sahib laid the foundation of the Golden Temple in the middle of the Amrit Sarovar on 13 January 1588 AD by the Sufi saint Mian Mir Ji. One door was built around it so that people of all religions and castes could come from all directions without any discrimination. The construction of the Golden Temple was completed in 1601 AD. The Golden Temple soon became a popular pilgrimage site for the Sikhs.

2. Establishment of Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur: Guru Sahib established the town of Tarn Taran in 1590 AD to propagate the Sikh faith in the area of Majha, where he also dug a tank called Tarn Taran. In 1593, he established the town of Kartarpur in Jalandhar district, which means 'City of God'. Guru Sahib founded the town of Hargobindpur in 1595 AD in celebration of the birth of his son.

3. Construction of Baoli at Lahore: At the request of the Sikh community, Guru Sahib had a Baoli built at Dabbi Bazar, Lahore, which became a popular pilgrimage site for the Sikhs.

4. Development of Masand system: Masand is derived from the Persian word masnad, which means high place. Maya and other items collected by Sikh devotees for langar were called masands. After a long time these masands became corrupt due to which Guru Gobind Singh Ji abolished the masand practice.

5. Compilation of Aad Granth Sahib: The purpose of compilation of this Granth was to collect the Bani of Guru Sahibs and to give a separate religious scripture to the Sikhs. Bhai Gurdas Ji wrote the Bani. This great work was completed in 1604 AD. The Bani of the first five Gurus was recorded and later the Bani of Guru Tegh Bahadur was included.

6. Appointment of Successor: In 1606 AD, Guru Ji appointed his son Guru Hargobind as his successor before giving his martyrdom. The Guru also ordered him to be armed and keep an army. In this way the Guru also maintained the tradition of the Guruship.

10. Write a note on the reasons for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Ans. In 1606 AD, Guru Arjan gave his martyrdom for the sake of religion and truth. This martyrdom had a profound effect on the Sikh movement. There were several reasons for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan which are as follows.

1. Jahangir's religious bigotry: Jahangir's religious bigotry became the main reason for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan. After Akbar's death in 1605 AD, Jahangir became the new king of the Mughals, a staunch Sunni Muslim. He could not stand the growing power of the Sikhs which led to the torture and martyrdom of Guru Arjan at Lahore.

2. Development of the Sikh Panth: Guru Arjan made a great contribution to the development of the Sikh Panth. The Guru encouraged the construction of the Golden Temple, Tarn Taran, Kartarpur, Hargobindpura, the establishment of the masand system, and the trade of horses. With this people started calling Guru Ji as 'Sacha Patshah' which Jahangir did not tolerate at all and these deeds of Guru Ji became the main reason for his martyrdom.

3. Enmity of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was very angry with Guru Ji for not getting the Guruship. He thought of the Guruship for his son Miharban, but when Hargobind was born, his dream was shattered. Angered by this, he joined hands with the Mughals and started conspiring against the Guru. Which caused a lot of trouble for the Guru.

4. Enmity of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He wanted to marry his daughter to a noble family. Someone asked him to have a relationship for Guru Arjan Dev Ji's son Hargobind. He inadvertently uttered bad words against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Guru refused for this relationship. Angered by this, Chandu Shah became Guru Ji's enemy and began to fill Jahangir's ears.

5. Opposition to Naqshbandis: The main center of Naqshbandis was Sirhind. Their chief leader was Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi who could not stand the growing power of the Sikhs in the Punjab. He ordered Jahangir to take stern action against the Guru and the Sikhs. So Jahangir decided to take action against Guru Sahib.

6. Help of Khusrau: The help of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to Prince Khusrau became the immediate cause of his martyrdom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. Guru Sahib blessed him with a tilak on his forehead and sent him to Kabul with military assistance. When Jahangir came to know of this, he sent his troops to arrest the Guru and torture him to death.

11. What were the, main causes of adoption of new policy (Miri and Piri) by Guru Hargobind ji?

Ans.  1.Change in the Religious Policy of the Mughals: - Before Jahangir, the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs were very cordial. The Mughal emperor. In 1605 Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire; he was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam. In the change circumstances Guru Hargobind Ji had to adopt a new policy.

2. Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib:- Being the fanatic Sunni Muslim, Jahangir Martyred Guru Arjun Sahib in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Sahib infuriated would have to arm themselves against the Mughals. In this way the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib was largely responsible for the adoption of new policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. Last message of guru Arjan sahib: - Before his martyrdom Guru Arjan Sahib sent a message through his Sikhs to his son Hargobind Sahib Ji , “Let him sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability.” These words of guru Arjan Sahib kept echoing in the ears of Hargobind Sahib and he adopted the new policy.

12. Explain the features of New Policy adopted by guru Hargobind Ji?

Ans. 1.Wearing of Miri and Piri swords:- At the time of assuming Guruship, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to wear the swords of Miri and Piri.The sword of Miri was a symbol of temporal power and the sword of Piri a symbol of religious leadership. Guru Hargobind Ji enjoined on his Sikhs to recite the name of God on one hand, and to wear arms for self-defence on the other. In this way, Guru Hargobind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint soldiers.

2. Organization of army:- For the protection of the Sikh Panth, guru Hargobind Ji decided to organize the army. By issuing a Hukamnama, he directed to the Sikhs to join the guru Hargobind ji’s army. Consequently, 500 soldiers joined his army. Guru Hargobind Ji’s army continued to swell gradually and their number rose to 2500. A separate regiment of the pathans was organized and Painda khan was made its commander.

3. Collection of arms and horses: - Guru Hargobind Ji issued the Hukamnama to the Masands that he would be pleased with those Masands, who brought him offerings of arms and horses instead of money. He also told the Sikhs that they should offer arms and horses to the Masands.

4. Construction of Akal Takht Sahib: - The construction of Akal Takht Sahib proved very helpful in the evolution of the new policy. In fact, it was a great task of Guru Hargobind Ji. The construction of Akal Takht sahib (seat of the Almighty) was begun by Guru Hargobind Ji in front of Harimandir in 1606 A.D. Guru Hargobind Ji used to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs by occupying the throne. Here, too, he would accept horses and arms from the Masand. Besides, here Guru Hargobind ji would settle the mutual disputes of the Sikhs

5. .Adoption of royal symbols: - While following new policy. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted many paraphernalia of sovereignty. In place of a woolen rosary he hung two swords from his waist. Like the kings, Guru Hargobind Ji started wearing a royal aigrette (Kalgi) on his headgear. A sort of umbrella was also swung over him. He also assumed the title of Sacha Padshah (True Emperor). He also started wearing costlier costumes. Like the Mughals, he also started keeping bodyguards.

13. write a short note on Akal Takht Sahib?

Ans. The construction of Akal Takht (The eternal throne) sahib by Guru Hargobind Ji was his stupendous work. Its construction was started by guru Hargobind ji in 1606. A.D. in front of Harimandir Sahib. This project was completed in 1609. A.D. It had a 12 feet high plateform which resembled the Mughal Throne. Here Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji used to sit in princely attire and guide the Sikhs in political and military affairs. From here he used to witness wrestling bouts and other martial arts of the Sikhs. At this placed he recruited soldiers and received arms and horses from the Masands. The professional bards sang ballads of unrivalled heroism with view to infusing a new confidence into the Sikhs. At this very place Guru Hargobind Ji also used to settle the dispute of the Sikhs like a king in court. In fact, Akal Takht Sahib served the purpose of Supreme Court of the Sikhs. Very soon Akal Takht sahib becomes a famous hub of the political activities of the Sikhs.

14. Write a short note on a Guru Har Krishan Ji?

Ans. 1. Assumption of Guruship:- Guru Har Rai Ji had disinherited his elder son Ram Rai of Guruship. After declaring him ineligible because he had misinterpreted the Gurbani in Aurangzeb’s court. IN 1661 A.D. Guru Har Rai Ji handed over the Guruship to Har Krishan Ji. At that time Guru Har Krishna Ji barely five years old. That is why, Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as Bal Guru in Sikh history.

2. Opposition of ram rai:- Ram Rai being the elder son of Guru Har Rai Ji considered himself to be the rightful claimant to Gurgaddi. But Guru Har Rai ji had already disinheritate him of the Guruship. When he came to known that Guruship had been assigned to Har Krishan Ji.He could not tolerate it. He started hatching conspiracies to acquire Guruship.

3. Guru Sahib’s visit to Delhi: - Aurangzeb assigned the task bringing Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi to Raja Jai Singh. Raja Jai singh sent his Diwan Paras Ram to Har krishan Ji. Guru Har krishan Ji Declined to go Delhi to see Aurangzeb. He went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. and agreed to stay at Raja Jai Singh’s residence. There is a difference opinion’s among historian’s on the point whether any meeting took place between Guru Har krishan Ji and Aurangzeb or not.

4. Immersed in eternal life: - In those days cholera and small pox had broken out in Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji served the Sick the poor and the orphans with heart and soul. But he himself fell a victim to small pox. So He immersed in eternal light on 30th march 1664 A.D. at Delhi.

15. What do you know about early life of Guru Gobind Singh Ji?

Ans. 1. Birth and parentage – Guru Gobind Singh was born on 22 December 1666 at Patna Sahib. He was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur. His mother's name was Gujri ji. His Childhood name was Gobind Rai. At the time of Gobind Rai's birth, Peer Bhikhan Shah, a Muslim fakir, had said that this boy would grow up to be a great man.

2. Childhood-. Gobind Das spent the first six years of his childhood in Patna Sahib. From childhood, Gobind Das had all the qualities to be a great leader. Guru Sahib used to play with bows and arrows. He would divide his friends into two groups and wage a fake war between them. He himself used to take part in them.

3. Education – In the early 1672AD Guru Tegh Bahadur came with his family to Chakk Nanaki (Sri Anandpur Sahib). Guru Sahib learned Gurmukhi from Bhai Sahib Chand, Sanskrit from Pandit Harjas and Persian and Arabic from Qazi Peer Mohammad. He learned horse riding and weapons training from a Rajput named Bajjar Singh.

4. Assumption of Guruship- A group of Kashmiri Pandits reached Anandpur Sahib in May 1675 to Guru Tegh Bahadur. Guru Sahib told the Pandits that a great man needed to be sacrificed to escape the oppression of the Mughals. The boy Gobind Ji said to his father that who could be a greater person than you at this time to make a sacrifice. Before his martyrdom, Guru Sahib appointed of Gobind Rai as his successor. Gobind Rai was enthroned on 11 November 1675.

5. Early Difficulties- When Guru Gobind Singh Ji ascended the throne in 1675 AD, he faced many difficulties.He was only 9 years old. The second was the reign of the then staunch sunni Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb as he was not ready to tolerate the existence of any religion other than Islam. He even martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur ji. Third, even the hill rulers were against the Guru at that time. Fourth Guru Gobind Singh Ji close relatives Dhirmaliya, Ramrai and Meena also became Guru's opponents as they did not get the Guruship. Fifth, the masands at that time had become immoral and corrupt.

6. Marriage- It is said that Guru Gobind Singh Ji married to three women named Bibi Jito Ji, Bibi Sundari Ji and Bibi Sahib Deva. Four sons were born in the house of Guru Sahib. Named  as Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji, Sahibzada Jujhar Singh Ji, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji.

16. What action and orders were given to Banda Singh Bahadur by Guru Gobind Singh Ji before sending him to Punjab?

Ans. Before sending Banda Singh Bahadur to Punjab, Guru Sahib gave him a sword, five arrows, 5 Pyaras and 20 other brave Sikhs for his help. Besides this, Guru Sahib issued some Hukamnamas (orders) to the Sikhs of Punjab. Guru Gobind Singh Ji also advised Banda Singh Bahadur to follow:

(i) Not to approach a woman, but lead a life of chastity

(ii) Always speak the truth, think the truth and act on truth.

(iii) Regard yourself as a servant of the Khalsa.

(iv) Not to found any sect of your own.

(v) Never let victories elate you.

(vi) Banda Singh Bahadur promised to obey the commands of the Guru.

17. Describe main traits of Banda Singh Bahadur's personality?

Ans. (i) Banda Singh Bahadur was very daring and fearless. He was never unnerved in the face of heavy odds.

(ii) He was a true follower of Sikhism. He issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

(iii) Banda Singh Bahadur was a great army commander. Despite his limited resources, he kept the Mughal rulers on tenterhooks.

(iv) He was an expert in making military moves and he acted promptly in the battlefield according to the situation.

(v) Banda Singh Bahadur was also an able administrator. He provided good administration in the conquered areas.

(vi) He was tolerant towards other religions. His fight against the Mughal tyrants, but not against the Muslims.

18. Write briefly about the battle of Sirhind?

Ans. (i) There was a great resentment among the Sikhs.

(ii) They wanted to take revenge on Wazir Khan for bricking alive in the wall the younger Sahibzadas of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

(iii) So Banda Singh Bahadur, attacked Wazir Khan at Chapperchiri on May 22, 1710 A.D. It was a bloody battle.

(iv) The Sikhs slew Wazir Khan, hung his body on a tree upside down and left it at the mercy of crows and vultures.

(v) The whole city was mercilessly plundered and Sirhind was taken under control.

(vi) This conquest boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

19. What was the main (reasons) purposes behind the established of Dal Khalsa?

Ans. After the martyrdom of Baba Banda Singh in 1716 AD, there was lock of leadership in Sikhs, as a result, Sikhs were not maintained in an organized manner. In that condition, mughal governor of Punjab Abdus Samad Khan and Jakaria Khan start doing oppression on them. For the head and hair of Sikhs, there was an announcement of prizes. Sikhs were forced to change their religion in order to this, they had to face martyrdom. Children were killed (Murdered) in front of their mothers. The people who give information about sikhs, who help to arrest them and who changed their religion were being honored with estates. Sikhs were being intimidated, threatened given with greed to change their religion. So that, Sikhs had made small batches. In 1734 AD, Budha Dal and Taruna Dal were established by Nawab Kapoor Singh. This dal was important step towards the establishment of Khalsa, Nawab Kapoor singh established dal khalsa in 29 March, 1748 AD in Amritsar.

20. Explain the significance of military system in dal khalsa?

Ans. Actually, in eighteenth century, without the cavalry, it was hard to get victory. Horses of Sikhs were very efficient. These horses could travel from fifty miles to hundred miles in a day. In Dal Khalsa, there was no importance of infantry. The only work of this army was guarding. Recruitment in this any was not rewarded by Sikhs. In the any of Dal khalsa, there was lack of artillery. Sikhs had, swords, spears, arrow bow and guns. Sikhs were never forced to join Dal khalsa. Sikhs join this force with their wish. There was no written records of allowences and salaries of solders. There was no arrangement for training. No salaries were given to soldiers of dal khalsa, they only got part from the booty.
Sikh participate in war with guerila was fare system. With sudden attack on enemy army, they did heavy damage to them.

21. Write a note on Guerila was system of Dal Khalsa.

Ans. In the war of Gurdas Nangal, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur and hundreds of Sikhs were arrested. They were inundered brutally often that. From this Sikhs learnt a lesson that it could be dangerous for them to fight in open was with mughul army. Sikhs had no other way apart from it. The most significant policy of dal khalsa was guerrilla to rise the power of Sikhs. Through this policy (system), Sikhs suddenly attacked on onemy army, they did heavy damage to them. Before enemies sarvy themselves, they ran into the forest and mountains. Sikhs perform this action in agility. Sikhs became successful to compete with mughals and afganies due to this system. Thus this organization of dal khalsa had great significance in history because it starts a new era and guerrilla war system was very beneficial for dal khalsa.

22. What does the word ‘misl’ mean ? Write about the origin of misls and the organization of the misls.

Ans. According to Cunningham, Misl is an Arabic word which means equal. According to David Akhtarlony, the word misl meant for a tribe or aste. According to Dr. A.C. Banerjee, the Sikh Misl was a combination of religious, democratic and unifying doctrines in the formation. According to general opinion, the misl means ’file’in which the details of the misls were recorded. After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Mughal subedars of Punjab committed a heavy crime against them for destroying the sikh power. From 1716 to 1753, the Sikhs had organized themselves into small military groups to face the atrocities of the Mughals, but they fought among themselves because of their lack of unity and could not take any major action. In 1734, Nawab Kapoor Singh made two sikhjathas, Budha Dal and Taruna Dal. In 1745, 25 sikhgroups were formed. Each group had 100 Sikhs. Graduallythe number of these groups increased to 65, and the Dal Khalsa was established at Amritsar on 29th March 1748 AD to counter the atrocities of the Mughals and the attacks of Ahmed Shah Abdali. 12 Jathey were formed under Dal- Khalsa. Each Jathas had its own sardar, nagara, name and a different flag. From 1767 to 1799, most of Punjab was ruled by these misls. He was now considered as 12 independent Sikh misls.

23. write the organisation of internal governance systems of misls?

Ans. 1.Government and Misaldar:- The head of each misl was called sardar. All power of the internal administration of the mislswas centered under the sardar. He ruled the misls as he desired. MisalSardar lived a simple life. Though he had a full faith in Sikhism, he was also liberal towards other religions. He paid special attention to the welfare of the farmers. All the MisalSardars established their own classics and issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev ji and Guru Gobind Singh ji. Under Sardar, there were 400 to 500 misaldars. These misaldars also kept their army and helped the Sardar during the war.

2. Districts:- The misls were divided into several districts with the aim of running the administration in a good manner. The head of each district was called kardar. He was responsible for running the district administration.

3. Village Panchayat:-Village was the smallest unit of misl administration as most people belonged to the village and hence the village was managed by the Panchayat. The Panchayat dealt with the disputes of the villagers. The pancha decision was considered as the decision of God. MisalSardar also respected the decision taken by the Panchayat. The numberdars, Patwaris and chowkidars used to help the panchayat to administer the village.

24. Describe the economic management of the misls.

Ans. 1. Land LevySystem:-Land Levy was the main source of the income of the misls. This lagaan was different depending on the fertility of the land. The land tax was generally 1/3 part of the grain. But 1/2 part of the more fertile land and 1/4 part of the low yield land was taken as a tax. Twice a year, the tax was collected on Rabi and Kharif crops. The Batai system was prevalent for collection of regulars tax. Under this system, the government would determine its own logging after harvesting the crop. Grain or cash could be paid. Four systems of land and rights of the villages were prevalent: (a)Pattedari system (b) Misladar system (c) Tabedari system (d) Jagirdari system

2. RakhiPratha:- Money derived from the Rakhisystem was also the main source of income of the misls. There were many villages in Punjab which were not directly under the mislbut were in their protection. The MisalSardars provided protection to the villages who had come to their shelter from foreign invaders and looters and in return the villagers gave 1/5 of the crop yield to the Sardar.

3. Other sources of income:-Apart from the land's imposing and defence, there were other means of income of the misaldar, such as looting during the war, a tax on goods in the areas of the misls, income from the trade of shawls, horses and arms, fines from criminals and the proceeds of the prosecution from the winner of the trial.

4.Expenditure:-Most of the income was spent on military activities. Among these, buying horses and weapons, building new forks and repairing old forks were the main ones. Besides, the expenditure of the life-care of the family and relatives of MisalSardar, donations to the Gurudwaras and Temples, the help of the poor and the provision of Langar.

25. What were the salient features of misal policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

Ans. 1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh didn’t give any importance to any sympathy or relationship at the cost of the growh of his empire.

2.Maharaja didn’t care for any justifiable reason to attack a state. He did everything for the growth of his empire.

3. He either developed matrimonial relationship with the strong misals or maintained friendly realationship with them.He annexed the weak misals and than captured the strong misal at the suitable time and circumstances.The strong misals were not united enough to take any action against him.

4.Ranjit Singh was merciless and brutal against the weak states. He annexed them at will in his empire.

5.Maharaja Singh even didn’t bothered to care about his ally states. He even captured them at suitable circumstances.He didn’t show any sympathy or spared anyone.

6.Maharaja Ranjit Singh abolished the institution of Gurmata . So no misal was able to question his authority.

26. What were the main causes of the first Anglo-Sikh war?

Ans. The important reasons for the First Anglo-Sikh War were as follows:

1. British policy of Encircling the Punjab - Following the imperialist policy, the Britishers had started besieging the Punjab from the time of Ranjit Singh.

2. Anarchy in Punjab - After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839 AD, anarchy spread in Punjab. Taking advantage of the situation, the Britishers started inciting the opposing factions of the Lahore Darbar against each other.

3. British defeat in the First Afghan War - The British suffered a humiliating defeat in the First Afghan War (1839-1842). This defeat encouraged the Sikhs to fight against the British .

4. Major Broadfoot's Activities Against the Sikhs - In November 1844, Major Bradfoot was appointed British Agent at Ludhiana. He was a staunch opponent of the Sikhs. He did many things to provoke the Sikhs.

5. Incitement of Sikh Army by Lal Singh and Teja Singh - Lal Singh and Teja Singh wanted to weaken the powerful Khalsa Army by fighting the British. Seeing the military preparations made by the British, the Khalsa Army was ready for war with the British.

27. Write a brief note on the battle of Mudaki.

Ans. The first battle between the British and the Sikhs was fought on 18 December 1848 at Mudaki. Lal Singh and Teja Singh divided the Sikh army into two divisions. Lal Singh with only 3500 cavalry, 2000 infantry and 20 artillery pieces reached Mudaki. On the other hand, the British general Lord Hugh Gough reached Mudaki with a force of 12000 soldiers, 48 artillery pieces and 4 cavalry regiments. When battle started suddenly Lal Singh ran out of the battle field .The Sikhs fought valiantly in spite of the betrayal of their general but in the end they were defeated. Hundreds of Sikh soldiers were killed in the battle, 17 artillery pieces of the Sikh army were also snatched by the British.But from British side 215 British soldiers were killed and 657 were injured in this battle

28. Write a brief note on the battle of Sabhraon?

Ans. The last battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War took place on 10 February 1846 at a place called Sabhraon. In this battle 30,000 Sikh troops had gathered on the battlefield under Lal Singh and Teja Singh. 15,000 British troops were ready under Lord Hugh Gough. On 10 December 1846, the British army had to retreat due to an attack by the Sikh army. But Lal Singh and Teja Singh again betrayed and fled the battlefield with their comrades .In such a situation, Sikh Sardar Sham Singh Atariwala led the Sikh army and encouraged the Sikh troops and launched a fierce attack on the British army. But he was killed in battle and the Sikhs were defeated. 3125 Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle and from British side 320 British soldiers were killed and 2063 wounded. Thereafter, on 20 February 1846, the British army reached Lahore.

29. What were the effects of the first Anglo-Sikh war?

Ans. The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) had the following effects: 1. The Sikhs suffered heavy loss of life and property in this war. The British demanded Rs. 1.5 crore from the Lahore Darbar as compensation for the war which the Lahore Darbar was unable to pay. So the Lahore Darbar handed over Kashmir and Hazara territories to the British for one crore and Lahore Darbar promised to pay the remaining Rs 50 lakh in cash.

2. Forts and territories between Sutlej and Beas were handed over to the British. The infantry of Lahore Darbar was reduced to 20,000 and the cavalry to 12,000.

3. The administration of the State of Lahore passed into the hands of a British resident appointed by the British Government. The Maharaja and Sardars of Lahore remained puppets of the British.

4. Maharani Zinda was separated from the administration and given an annual pension of Rs. 1.5 lakh

5. Through the Treaty of Bhairowal, the British Army will be stationed in Lahore at an annual cost of Rs. 22 lakhs paid by the Lahore Darbar.

6. The honor of the Lahore Darbar was hurt.

30. Why did the British not annex Punjab to the British Empire after the First Anglo-Sikh War?

Ans. Although the British won the first Anglo-Sikh war, they did not include Punjab in the British Empire. The reasons were as follows.

1. The Sikh army was defeated in the first Anglo-Sikh war but it was still powerful.

2. The British did not want to occupy Punjab and wanted to establish Punjab as an intermediate state between India and Afghanistan so as to reduce the threat from Afghanistan.

3. Occupation of Punjab by the British did not seem economically justified.

4. The British plan was to weaken Punjab economically and militarily so that in future the British could occupy Punjab whenever they wanted.