Federalism Test - 15

State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List. 

 Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. 

English is not a scheduled language.

The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. Per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Indian Constitution, the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages:

1. Assamese
2. Bengali
3. Bodo
4. Dogri
5. Gujarati
6. Hindi
7. Kannada
8. Kashmiri
9. Konkani
10. Maithili
11. Malayalam
12. Meitei (Manipuri)
13. Marathi
14. Nepali
15. Odia
16. Punjabi
17. Sanskrit
18. Santhali
19. Sindhi
20. Tamil
21. Telugu
22. Urdu

• Indian states have been reorganized based on State Reorganization Commission and 7th Amendment 1956.
• The reorganization was done on linguistic basis.
• The first state divided on linguistic basis is the state of Andhra 1953.
  

• Australia is a 'coming-together' type  of federation.
• 'Coming together' federation is nothing but independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger state or country.
• Independent states pool their sovereignty but retain their independent status.
• Dual citizenship is given to citizens of the state.

The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission, and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union. The list has since, however, acquired further significance.

Per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Indian Constitution, the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages:

1. Assamese
2. Bengali
3. Bodo
4. Dogri
5. Gujarati
6. Hindi
7. Kannada
8. Kashmiri
9. Konkani
10. Maithili
11. Malayalam
12. Meitei (Manipuri)
13. Marathi
14. Nepali
15. Odia
16. Punjabi
17. Sanskrit
18. Santhali
19. Sindhi
20. Tamil
21. Telugu
22. Urdu

Article 1 of the Constitution of India declares India as a Union of states. According to Constitution India is the Union of states because the states are indestructible part of the country. States have no right to secede from the India. That's why India is a Union of states.

A federal system is one where the power resides between the center and states thus the existence of center and states is a main feature of Federalism. India has a synthesis of both systems, the unitary and the federal. Some features such as rigid constitution, strong center, emergency provisions, single citizenship, etc but the distribution of power between center and states signify the feature of federalism.

We also have a quasi-federal form of government like Canada which means a federal system with strong central government. Also, we adopted the idea of residual powers from Canada.