Chemical Coordination and Integration Test 10

The pancreas contains exocrine glands, that produce enzymes important to digestion. When food enters the stomach, these pancreatic juices are released into a system of ducts, that end in the main pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater, which is located at the first portion of the small intestine, called the duodenum. 

Fertilizin is a sperm-agglutinating agent, a glycoprotein found on the plasma membrane of the ovum. It is produced by an egg, which is present on egg surface and plays a part in the previous stages of fertilization. Hence, option B is correct.

Estrogen is essential for development of secondary sex organs and external female sex characters like breasts, high pitch voice at puberty. The main function is the tissue growth and cell proliferation in specific areas of body. It promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures. It assists in the control of fluid and electrolyte balance within the body, ensuring that our skin retains moisture. It prepares the follicle for the release of an egg. It controls the changes in our cervical mucus. It prepares our internal environment for fertility making it more sperm friendly.

Correct answer: (A)

Explanation for the incorrect match: (A)

Renin is an enzyme released by kidneys when blood pressure is low. It converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. angiotensin I is then converted into angiotensin II by the enzyme ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme). Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to increase.

Explanation for correct matches:

Option (B): Ptyalin is a form of amylase produced by salivary gland that breaks down starch into simpler sugars like maltose and dextrin.

Option (C): Gastric chief cells of stomach secrete pepsinogen which becomes active as pepsin at low pH. Pepsin digests proteins into peptides.

Option (D): Pancreas produces trypsinogen which is inactive and releases it into small intestine where it is converted into trypsin. In the small intestine, trypsin catalyses the hydrolysis of peptide bonds and break down the proteins into smaller peptides.

Trypsinogen is the precursor form or zymogen of the pancreatic enzyme trypsin. It is found in pancreatic juice. It is activated by enteropeptidase, which is found in the intestinal mucosa, to form trypsin.

Insulin is a hormone that is exclusively produced by pancreatic beta cells. Beta cells are located in the pancreas in clusters known as the islets of Langerhans. Insulin is released from beta cells, in response to changes in blood glucose concentration. Type 2 glucose transporters (GLUT2) mediate the entry of glucose into beta cells. 

• Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. 
• Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Hence, Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature and contains a variety of enzymes.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a secondary messenger important in many biological processes. It is a derivative of ATP. When a G-protein–coupled receptor on the surface of a cell binds to its particular ligand, the receptor may stimulate the intracellular production of cAMP by the adenylyl cyclase-associated with that receptor. cAMP can then diffuse through the cytoplasm, where it interacts with various targets. Thus, cAMP serves as a second messenger within a cell.

Bovine parathormone is a large polypeptide having 84 amino-acids. It was discovered and purified by Philips Collip in 1925. 

The pancreas secretes lipase enzymes, that act upon dietary fat molecules. Most dietary fat molecules are in the form of triglycerides. The cells lining the small intestine cannot absorb the large triglyceride molecules, so pancreatic lipase breaks the triglyceride into a smaller monoglyceride molecule and two free fatty acids. The cells lining the small intestine, then absorb the monoglycerides and fatty acids to use for energy production.