Early Societies Test - 3

The Achaemenid Empire, led by Cyrus the Great, conquered Babylon in 539 BCE.

Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, launched a series of military campaigns to expand his empire in the 6th century BCE. In 539 BCE, Cyrus's forces captured the city of Babylon, marking the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the beginning of the Achaemenid rule over Mesopotamia.

The script of the Indus Valley Civilization, often referred to as the Indus script, remains undeciphered to this day. This script was primarily found on seals and pottery.

The south of Iraq is a desert region, it could support cities because the rivers Euphrates and Tigris carry loads of fertile silt from the northern mountains. When these rivers flood or their water is let out onto the fields, the fertile silt is deposited, creating fertile land suitable for agriculture and urban settlement.

The fossils of Homo neanderthalensis, commonly known as Neanderthals, were first discovered in the Neander Valley near Düsseldorf, Germany. These fossils were found in 1856 and were among the earliest recognized fossilized remains of archaic humans.

In desert part of South Iran the first cities and writing emerged.

Mari was the city that flourished as the royal capital of Mesopotamia in 2000 BCE.

The Mesopotamian ruler who became the king of Akkad in 2370 BCE was Sargon.

Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great, was a prominent ruler who founded the Akkadian Empire, one of the earliest empires in ancient Mesopotamia. He rose to power around 2334 BCE and established his capital at Akkad (likely located near the modern city of Baghdad in Iraq). Sargon's reign marked a significant period in Mesopotamian history, as it was characterized by territorial expansion, administrative reforms, and cultural achievements.

After 2400 BCE, the Akkadian language replaced the Sumerian language as the dominant language in Mesopotamia. Akkadian was a Semitic language spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Akkadian people of Babylonia and Assyria.

As the last ice age was ending, about 13,000 years ago, a final blast of cold hit Europe, and for a thousand years or more, it felt like the ice age had returned.

The term "hieroglyphics" is derived from two Greek words: "hieros," meaning "sacred," and "glyphein," meaning "to carve" or "to inscribe." 

Hieroglyphics refer to a system of writing used by ancient Egyptians, characterized by the use of pictorial symbols or glyphs, often carved or inscribed into stone or other durable materials. The Greeks considered these symbols to be sacred due to their association with religious texts and rituals in ancient Egypt, hence the term "hieroglyphics" meaning "sacred carve."