Evolution Test

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Evolution Test - 83

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Question 1

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Directions For Questions

The given table shows seven different species identified by a scientist during the study of a field that had been burned in a brushfire ten years before.

Scientific Name	Gross Form	Microscopic Form	Stem Form	Color	Reproduction
Platismartia glauca	Sheetlike	Eukaryotic and prokaryotic filaments	Not applicable	Green on top while below	no evidence
Funaria americana	cushionlike	Eukaryotic multicellular	Not applicable	Green throughout	Spore-produced structures or stalks
Dryopteris spinulosa	roots, underground stems, compound leaves	Eukaryotic multicellular	Fleshy	Green leaves, white stem and roots	Spores on underside of leaves
Picea rubens	roots, stems, needle like leaves	Eukaryotic multicellular	erect, woody	green leaves, brown stem and roots	cones
Smilax herbacea	roots, vine, broad leaves	eukaryotic multicellular	erect, herbaceous	green leaves and stem, white roots	flowers
Similax rotundifolia	roots, woody vine, broad leaves	eukaryotic multicellular	erect	green leaves, brown stem and roots	none evident
Monotropa uniflora	roots, stems, broad leaves	eukaryotic multicellular	erect	white throughout	fruits

...view full instructions

A flowering plant is

Platismatia glauca

Funaria americana

Dryopteris spinulosa

Picea rubens

Monotropa uniflora

Solution

Reproduction is not evident in Platismatia glauca. Funaria americana and Dryopteris spinulosa are spore producing species while Picea rubens bear cone. Monotropa uniflora exhibits fruit formation which is product of fertilized ovary. This indicates presence of flowers in this species. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

Question 2
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A large population of zebrafish has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations in a laboratory.
After ten generations, 25% of the fish display a recessive genotype (dd), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the fish show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants.
What is the most reasonable explanation of the fact that the frequency of the recessive genotype (dd) at generation ten is the same as the frequency of the recessive genotype (dd) at generation one?

A
Sexual selection occurred that favoured allele d

B
The genotype DD is lethal

C
The population is undergoing genetic drift

D
The two phenotypes are equally adaptive under laboratory conditions

Solution

Since, the gene frequencies have remained constant through out the experimental period, that is the recessive and dominant frequency did not alter. So, they exhibit a similar kind of adaptation.
So, the correct answer is 'The two phenotypes are equally adaptive under laboratory conditions'
Question 3
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Donald Johanson, Tom Gray, and others discovered a hominid that lived in east Africa and nicknamed her Lucy. What is the scientific name of Lucy and there existence in earth?

A
35 million years ago, Homo habilis

B
3.5 billion years ago, Homo africanus

C
5.5 million years ago, Australopithecus africanus

D
3.0 million years ago, Australopithecus afarensis

E
5.5 billion years ago, Australopithecus boisei

Solution

Australopithecus afarensis is a primitive hominid that is supposed to be evolved directly from A. anamensis. One of its remarkable fossils was discovered in Ethiopia, Africa, 1974 by a team led by U.S. paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson. It was a complete 3.2-million-year-old skeleton and was nicknamed Lucy.

Question 4

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Directions For Questions

The given table shows seven different species identified by a scientist during the study of a field that had been burned in a brushfire ten years before.

Scientific Name	Gross Form	Microscopic Form	Stem Form	Color	Reproduction
Platismartia glauca	Sheetlike	Eukaryotic and prokaryotic filaments	Not applicable	Green on top while below	no evidence
Funaria americana	cushionlike	Eukaryotic multicellular	Not applicable	Green throughout	Spore-produced structures or stalks
Dryopteris spinulosa	roots, underground stems, compound leaves	Eukaryotic multicellular	Fleshy	Green leaves, white stem and roots	Spores on underside of leaves
Picea rubens	roots, stems, needle like leaves	Eukaryotic multicellular	erect, woody	green leaves, brown stem and roots	cones
Smilax herbacea	roots, vine, broad leaves	eukaryotic multicellular	erect, herbaceous	green leaves and stem, white roots	flowers
Similax rotundifolia	roots, woody vine, broad leaves	eukaryotic multicellular	erect	green leaves, brown stem and roots	none evident
Monotropa uniflora	roots, stems, broad leaves	eukaryotic multicellular	erect	white throughout	fruits

...view full instructions

Which of the following organism shows most close relationship to Smilax herbacea?

Platismatia glauca

Dryopteris spinulosa

Picea rubens

Smilax rotundifolia

Monotropa uniflora

Solution

Smilax rotundifolia and Smilax herbacea belong to same genus "smilax". A genus is a taxonomic rank that constitutes single species of monophyletic group of species that share a sum total of characters, though they cannot interbreed. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Question 5
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A skin and respiratory fungus killed most of the tree frogs in a hypothetical forest in the state of Washington. The population dropped from 1,200 to 320. Scientists caught 25 frogs and, in an effort to help preserve the species, started a new population in a similar forest in the eastern portion of the state of Oregon. Which of the following factors would probably have the least impact on this new population?

A
The founder effect, since there would be a large population with immigration.

B
Random mating, since this affects populations regardless of size.

C
Genetic drift, since the small population will have variability in allele frequency.

D
The bottleneck effect, since the small population will go through a decrease in allelic variability.

Solution

The population is very small, so the individuals will be undergoing inbreeding the chances of random mating is very low as random mating resulting in greater genetic variation will take place only if the population is very large. So, random mating will not have impact on the population
So, the correct answer is 'Random mating, since this affects populations regardless of size'
Question 6
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One way to classify humans is by their blood type. There are over two dozen ways to group blood types. One of them is by the presence of the D antigen on the surface of blood cells. If an individual expresses the D antigen, they are referred to as Rh positive. This is controlled by an autosomal dominant allele. In a given town, 16% of the population is considered Rh negative.
If this town's high school has 2,000 students, how many would you expect to have the homozygous recessive genotype?

A
160

B
320

C
480

D
720

Solution

Rh negative is a recessive blood group represented by dd
Rh positive is a dominant blood group represented by DD
16% of the population is Rh negative
Number of student population considered is 2000
No. of individuals that are homozygous recessive = (16/100)X 2000
= 320
So, the correct answer is '320'
Question 7
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It makes sense that a human with excessive body odour may have trouble convincing other people to date them. Beyond that, most people probably don't think that smell is a major factor in deciding who to date or have children with.
However, evidence suggests that there is a connection between personal odor and immune genes. Studies indicate that humans prefer the odor of individuals whose immune system genes are different than their own.
What could be the evolutionary benefit of people with different immune system alleles mating?

A
Over time, the number of individuals with the dominant phenotype for immune genes will increase, strengthening the population.

B
The number of individuals that are homozygous for immune genes will increase in the population, making it more likely that an advantageous trait will be passed on in future generations.

C
The resulting offspring will have a more diverse set of immune genes, protecting the population against a wider range of diseases.

D
The resulting offspring will smell better and will be sexually selected for, increasing the more pleasant smelling individuals in the population.

Solution

Specific odor of a person is related to the genes for immunity of the person. The mating preference is to those having a body odor distinct from themselves and therefore a different type of immune system. A direct implication of this preference is progeny with a better or wider range of immune system. This is majorly because those genes that control histocompatibility also play a role in determining body odor.
So, the correct answer is 'The resulting offspring will have a more diverse set of immune genes, protecting the population against a wider range of diseases'
Question 8
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One way to classify humans is by their blood type. There are over two dozen ways to group blood types. One of them is by the presence of the D antigen on the surface of blood cells. If an individual expresses the D antigen, they are referred to as Rh positive. This is controlled by an autosomal dominant allele. In a given town, 16% of the population is considered Rh negative.
If this town's high school has 2,000 students, how many would you expect to be heterozygous for the D antigen?

A
160

B
320

C
720

D
960

Solution

Rh positive phenotype of blood is controlled by autosomal dominant allele D. It is given that, 16% of the population is considered to be Rh negative (dd). It means rest 84% of the population is Rh positive (DD or Dd). According to Hardy Weinberg's principle, a$$^2$$ (homozygous recessive) + 2ab (heterozygous dominant) + b$$^2$$ (homozygous domianant) = 1.
In the given case, a$$^2$$ = 0.16. Hence, a = 0.4.
Also, a + b = 1. Hence, b = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6.
Heterozygous population will be 2ab = 2 x 0.04 x 0.06 = 0.48. Out of 1, 0.48 students are heterozygous for the D antigen. Hence, for 2000 students, 960 students will be heterozygous for D antigen.
Thus, the correct answer is '960.'
Question 9
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The medium ground finch is a species of bird endemic to the Galapagos Islands that eats by cracking seeds open with their beaks to obtain the food inside. Finch beak size (depth) is controlled by the BMP4 gene, which produces a growth factor known as bone morphogenic protein. In 1977 the Galapagos Islands experienced an intense drought, which severely reduced the population of small seeds and the plants that produced them.
Figure 1 above illustrates the changes in the distributions of finch beak depths (size) before and after the drought of 1977. The mean depth is indicated above the caret symbol (^).
Which of the following statements best explains the trend in finch beak size during 1976 - 1978?

A
Finches with larger beaks must have a higher degree of expression of the BMP4 gene, and are better adapted to cracking larger seeds and producing more surviving offspring.

B
Finches with larger beaks are the result of a mutation that prevents expression of the BMP4 gene, and are better adapted to cracking larger seeds and producing more surviving offspring

C
Finches that have a higher degree of expression of the BMP4 gene have smaller beaks that are better adapted to cracking small seeds, producing a larger proportion of offspring with smaller beaks.

D
Higher expression of the BMP4 gene leads to better scavenging behaviors, which allows finches to locate seeds more easily, and produce more surviving offspring.

Solution

During drought as the amount of food that the finches ate decreased which made the finches to choose other available resources of food . This led to a change in the beak shape,that became more deeper, an adaptation and natural selection to feed upon seeds that were hard to crack.
So, the correct answer is 'Finches with larger beaks must have a higher degree of expression of the BMP4 gene, and are better adapted to cracking larger seeds and producing more surviving offspring'
Question 10
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In 2012, Ryan Clark of the Pittsburgh Steelers was forced by his coach to sit out of a playoff game in Denver due to health concerns. Clark is a heterozygote for sickle cell anemia.
Sickle cell anemia is a recessive condition that results in misshapen red blood cells due to a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. The condition greatly reduces the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen.
Heterozygotes generally do not have symptoms of the condition, but will sometimes have problems when dehydrated or at high altitudes. In addition to reduced oxygen carrying ability, the sickle cell allele has another trait; resistance to malaria.
Some areas of the world have a sickle cell allele frequency of up to nearly 20%. What would you expect to find in areas of the world with high sickle cell frequencies?

A
Dry climate

B
High altitude

C
Low rates of malaria

D
Low atmospheric oxygen

Solution

Individuals heterozygous for sickle cell may face certain conditions in higher altitudes and under dehydration. Apart from this it provides resistance against Malaria, this occurs due to drop in oxygen levels in the infected RBCs which in heterozygotes creates sickle cell like condition, that leads to removal and destruction of infected RBCs from the circulation preventing spread of the infection
So, the correct answer is 'Low rates of malaria'

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Evolution Test - 83

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Evolution Test - 83

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SHARING IS CARING

Question 1

Platismatia glauca

Funaria americana

Dryopteris spinulosa

Picea rubens

Monotropa uniflora

Solution

Question 2

Sexual selection occurred that favoured allele d

The genotype DD is lethal

The population is undergoing genetic drift

The two phenotypes are equally adaptive under laboratory conditions

Solution

Question 3

35 million years ago, Homo habilis

3.5 billion years ago, Homo africanus

5.5 million years ago, Australopithecus africanus

3.0 million years ago, Australopithecus afarensis

5.5 billion years ago, Australopithecus boisei

Solution

Question 4

Platismatia glauca

Dryopteris spinulosa

Picea rubens

Smilax rotundifolia

Monotropa uniflora

Solution

Question 5

The founder effect, since there would be a large population with immigration.

Random mating, since this affects populations regardless of size.

Genetic drift, since the small population will have variability in allele frequency.

The bottleneck effect, since the small population will go through a decrease in allelic variability.

Solution

Question 6

160

320

480

720

Solution

Question 7

Over time, the number of individuals with the dominant phenotype for immune genes will increase, strengthening the population.

The number of individuals that are homozygous for immune genes will increase in the population, making it more likely that an advantageous trait will be passed on in future generations.

The resulting offspring will have a more diverse set of immune genes, protecting the population against a wider range of diseases.

The resulting offspring will smell better and will be sexually selected for, increasing the more pleasant smelling individuals in the population.

Solution

Question 8

160

320

720

960

Solution

Question 9

Finches with larger beaks must have a higher degree of expression of the BMP4 gene, and are better adapted to cracking larger seeds and producing more surviving offspring.

Finches with larger beaks are the result of a mutation that prevents expression of the BMP4 gene, and are better adapted to cracking larger seeds and producing more surviving offspring

Finches that have a higher degree of expression of the BMP4 gene have smaller beaks that are better adapted to cracking small seeds, producing a larger proportion of offspring with smaller beaks.

Higher expression of the BMP4 gene leads to better scavenging behaviors, which allows finches to locate seeds more easily, and produce more surviving offspring.

Solution

Question 10

Dry climate

High altitude

Low rates of malaria

Low atmospheric oxygen

Solution

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