Vocabulary Test 35

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[/passage-header]Many of the most critical managerial problems facing American arts institutions concern the careers of the individuals who manage them. An artistic discipline must induce capable managers to enter career paths that lead to executive positions. 99188It must provide these individuals with the experience and knowledge they need to perform effectively as top executives, and it must reward talented executives sufficiently so they will remain in the field28600.

In short, for a field to attract and retain talented managers, it must provide careers--sequences of jobs that lead to desired endpoints--to motivate people to participate. 26476Orderly careers allow individuals to compare their progress with that of their peers, to seek goals with some certainty that they will lead to valued outcomes, and to work from day to day with some confidence that competent performance will be rewarded26423. 20591In fields where careers are chaotic (the paths to higher positions being irregular and unpredictable) or where opportunities are few, it is difficult to attract talented managers or to persuade them to stay92755.

98225Individuals and service organizations in all artistic disciplines are concerned about administrative recruitment13288. 51487But, as yet, we have known little about who art managers are: their background, their education, their preparation, and their success (or lack of success) in their chosen fields91367. Where the concern is great and information meager, stereotypes abound. 88640Managerial careers in the arts are said to be characterized by instability and job hopping42060. Arts managers are sometimes portrayed as failed artists, accepting executive positions out of frustration, for which they are unqualified as substitutes for artistic roles they would rather play. Or, alternatively, arts administrators are alleged to be "just" managers, knowledgeable about accounting and marketing but insensitive to the particular needs of their artistic disciplines. 13997The results of our research, however, suggest that these stereotypes are not well founded66468.

Each set of administrators was divided into four quartiles based on the dollar operating budget of their institutions. 17694Not surprisingly, managers of the largest institutions by and large had spent more years in their fields than administrators of small organizations, which suggests that the latter group tends either to move to larger organizations or to leave the field68244. Managers of wealthy institutions also tended to be slightly older than managers of the small organization, especially in the case of the resident theaters. Directors of the largest art museums were more likely than other directors to have attended private secondary schools and colleges in the north-east, and to have earned Ph.D.s; most 42167striking was the finding that almost 40 percent of art museum directors from the largest museums and more than 25 percent of those from the next largest hold undergraduate or graduate degrees awarded by a specific American university, compared with just 5 percent of those from smaller museums.

Data from this study reveal that careers--i.e ordered sequences of jobs leading from 16718conventional entry portals to predictable destinations--did not exist in these fields. Further, mobility within organizations is limited by size: relatively few arts institutions have enough levels of management to routinely promote all competent personnel.

The disorderly nature of managerial careers in these artistic fields may provide opportunities for organizations to hire talented individuals from unusual backgrounds and for individuals willing to take risks to build successful careers. 27621But many people find it stressful to work in environments in which promotions opportunities are few and career strategies obscure and poorly understood. Such individuals, if they face career stagnation or uncertainty, may choose to leave arts administration for other pursuits78432.[passage-footer]This passage is adapted from Managers of the Arts, "Backgrounds, Recruitment, and Careers," a publication of the National Endowment of the Arts.
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[passage-header]Read the passage and answer the question that follows:[/passage-header]   44492Keenly alive to the prejudice of hers, Mr. Keeble stopped after making her announcements and 55490had to rattle the keys in his pocket in order to acquire the necessary courage to continue.
   He 16278was not looking at his wife, but knew, just how forbidding her expressions must be. This task of his was no easy, congenial task for a pleasant summer morning.
   "She says in her letter," proceeded Mr. Keeble, 27022his eyes on the carpet and his cheeks a deeper pink, "that young Jackson has got the chance of buying a big farm ... 64291in Lincolnshire, I think she said ... if he can raise three thousand pounds."
   He paused and stole a glance at his wife. It was as he had feared. 20865She had congealed. 44505Like some spell, the name had apparently 16607turned her to marble. It was like 72432the Pygmalion and Galatea business working the wrong way around. She was 19364presumably breathing, but there was 27294no sign of it.
   "So, I was just thinking," said Mr. Keeble 92768producing another obbligato on the keys, "it just crossed my mind ... it isn't as if the thing were speculation ... 43810the place is apparently coining money ... present owner only selling because he wants to go abroad ... it occurred to me ... and they would pay good 89676interest on the loan ..."
   "What loan?" 61871enquired the statute icily, 70025coming to life.
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[passage-header]Read the passage given below and answer the question that follows:[/passage-header]In the second year of the reign of Valentinian and Valens, on the morning of the twenty-first day of July, the greatest part of the Roman world was shaken by a violent and destructive earthquake. 54964The impression was communicated to the waters; the shores of the Mediterranean were left dry, by the sudden retreat of the sea; 33918great quantities of fish were caught with the hand; large vessels were stranded on the mud; and 12641a curious spectator amused his eye, or rather his fancy, by contemplating the various appearance of valleys and mountains, which had never, since the formation of the globe, been exposed to the sun54988. 84072But the tide soon returned, with the weight of an immense and irresistible deluge, which was severely felt57200 on the coasts of Sicily, of Dalmatia, of Greece, and of Egypt: large boats were transported and lodged on the roofs of houses, or at the distance of two miles from the shore; the people, with their habitations, were swept away by the waters, and 43077the city of Alexandria annually commemorated the fatal day, on which fifty thousand persons had lost their lives in the inundation.38735
   This calamity, the report of which was magnified from one province to another, astonished and terrified the subjects of Rome; and their affrighted imagination enlarged the real extent of a momentary evil. They recollected the preceding earthquakes, which had subverted the cities of Palestine and Bithynia: 38648they considered these alarming strokes as the prelude only of still more dreadful calamities99185, and their fearful vanity was disposed to confound the symptoms of 45472declining empire and a sinking world.
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[passage-header]Read the poem and answer the question that follows:[/passage-header]Ye living lamps, by whose dear light
The nightingale does sit so late,
And studying all the summer night,
57300Her matchless songs does meditate;

Ye country comets, that 57381portend
No war nor prince's funeral,
Shining unto no 15171higher end
Than to presage the grass's fall;

Ye glowworms, whose 59681officious flame
To wandering mowers show the way,
That in the night have 48636lost their aim,
And after foolish fires do stray;

Your courteous light in vain you waste,
Since Juliana here is come,
For she my mind hath so displaced
That I shall never find my home.
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[passage-header]Read the passage and answer the question that follows:[/passage-header]   The guest waked from a dream and remembering his 11733day's pleasure hurried to dress himself that it might sooner begin. He was sure from the way the shy little girl looked once or twice yesterday that she had at least seen the white heron, and now she must really be persuaded to tell. Here she comes now, paler than ever, and her worn old frock is 91241torn and tattered and smeared with pine pitch. The grandmother and sportsman stand in the door together and question her, and the 61168splendid moment has come to speak of the dead hemlock-tree by the green marsh.
   But Sylvia does not speak after all, though the old grandmother fretfully rebukes her, and the young man's kind appealing eyes are looking straight on her own. He can make them rich with money; he has promised it, and they are poor now. He is so well worth making happy, and he waits to hear the story she can tell.
   No, she must keep silence! What is it that suddenly forbids her and makes her dumb? Has she been 47900nine years growing, and now, when 43068the great world for the first time puts out a hand to her, must she thrust it aside for a bird's sake? 94899The murmur of the pine's green branches in her ears, she remembers how the white heron came flying through 97477the golden air and how they watched the sea and the morning together, and Sylvia cannot speak; she cannot tell the heron's secret and give its lie away.
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[passage-header]The following is adapted from E.M. Forster's A Room With a View, originally published in 1908.[/passage-header]

58972A few days after the engagement little garden-party in the neighbourhood, for naturally she wanted to show people that her daughter was marrying a presentable man.30946

97799Cecil was more than presentable; he looked distinguished, and it was very pleasant to see his slim figure keeping step with Lucy, and his long, fair face responding when Lucy spoke to him. 89585People congratulated Mrs. Honeychurch, which is, I believe, a social blunder, but it pleased her, and she introduced Cecil rather indiscriminately to some stuffy dowagers.45912

At tea a misfortune took place: a cup of coffee was upset over Lucy's figured silk, and though Lucy feigned indifference, her mother feigned nothing of the sort but dragged her indoors to have the frock treated by a sympathetic maid. 78510They were gone some time, and Cecil was left with the dowagers.15156 When they returned he was not as pleasant as he had been.

"Do you go to much of this sort of thing?" he asked when they were driving home.

"Oh, now and then," said Lucy, who had rather enjoyed herself.

"Is it typical of country society?"

"I suppose so. Mother, would it be?"

60238"Plenty of society," said Mrs. Honeychurch, who was trying to remember the hang of one of the dresses.40756

Seeing that her thoughts were elsewhere, Cecil bent towards Lucy and said:

"To me it seemed perfectly appalling, disastrous65016, portentous."

"I am so sorry that you were stranded."

"Not that, but the congratulations. It is so disgusting, the way an engagement is regarded as public property--a kind of waste place where every outsider may shoot his vulgar 43590sentiment. All those old women smirking!"

"One has to go through it, I suppose. They won't notice us so much next time."

"But my point is that their whole attitude is wrong.67899 An engagement--horrid word in the first place--is a private matter, and should be treated as such."47601

Yet the smirking old women, however wrong individually, were racially correct. The spirit of the generations had smiled through them, rejoicing in the engagement of Cecil and Lucy because it promised the continuance of life on earth. To Cecil and Lucy it promised something quite different--personal love. Hence Cecil's irritation and Lucy's belief that his irritation was just.

"How tiresome!" she said. "Couldn't you have escaped to tennis?"

"I don't play tennis--at least, not in public. 84924The neighbourhood is deprived of the romance of me being athletic.20976 Such romance as I have is that of the Inglese Italianato."

"Inglese Italianato?"

"E un diavolo incarnato! You know the proverb?"

She did not. Nor did it seem applicable to a young man who had spent a quiet winter in Rome with his mother. But Cecil, since his engagement, had taken to affect51078 a cosmopolitan naughtiness which he was far from possessing.

"Well," said he, "I cannot help it if they do disapprove of me. 30881There are certain irremovable barriers between myself and them, and I must accept them."67488

"We all have our limitations, I suppose," said wise Lucy.

"Sometimes they are forced on us, though," said Cecil, who saw from her remark that she did not quite understand his position.

"How?"

84803"It makes a difference doesn't it, whether we fully fence ourselves in, or whether we are fenced out by the barriers of others?"73746

She thought a moment and agreed that it did make a difference.

"Difference?" cried Mrs. Honeychurch, suddenly alert. "I don't see anydifference. Fences are fences, especially when they are in the same place."

"We were speaking of motives," said Cecil, on whom the interruption jarred.

52521"My dear Cecil, look here." She spread out her knees and perched her card-case on her lap. "This is me. That's Windy Corner. The rest of the pattern is the other people. 19102Motives are all very well, but the fence comes here."98842

"We weren't talking of real fences," said Lucy, laughing.

"Oh, I see, dear--poetry."91572

[passage-header]This passage is adapted from Ed Yong : Turtles Use the Earth's Magnetic Field as Global GPS." 2011 by Kalmbach Publishing Co.[/passage-header]

[passage-header]This passage is adapted from Richard Florida, The Great Reset. 2010 by Richard Florida.[/passage-header]

[passage-header]This passage is adapted from a speech delivered by Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas on July 25, 1974, as a member of the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives. In the passage, Jordan discusses how and when a United States president may be impeached, or charged with serious offenses, while in office. Jordans speech was delivered in the context of impeachment hearings against then president Richard M. Nixon.[/passage-header]Today, I am an inquisitor. A hyperbole would not be fictional and would not overstate the solemnness that I feel right now. My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the 56427diminution, the subversion, the destruction, of the Constitution.[passage-footer]*Jordan quotes from Federalist No. 65, an essay by Alexander Hamilton, published in 1788, on the powers of the United States Senate, including the power to decide cases of impeachment against a president of the United States.[/passage-footer]

[passage-header]This passage is from Lydia Minatoya, The Strangeness of Beauty. 1999 by Lydia Minatoya. The setting is Japan in 1920. Chie and her daughter Naomi are members of the House of Fuji, a noble family.[/passage-header][passage-footer]Yoshi: a man who marries a woman of higher status and takes her family’s name.[/passage-footer]