Physical World and Measurement Test - 1

Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds.

This theory was replaced by Keplar. All planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus. This is one of Kepler's laws. The elliptical shape of the orbit is a result of the inverse square force of gravity. The eccentricity of the ellipse is greatly exaggerated here.

Yes, urgently Without an extended evolutionary framework, the theory neglects key processes, say Kevin Laland and colleagues. Charles Darwin conceived of evolution by natural selection without knowing that genes exist. Now mainstream evolutionary theory has come to focus almost exclusively on genetic inheritance and processes that change gene frequencies.

Carl David Anderson discovered the positron on August 2, 1932, for which he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1936. ... The positron was the first evidence of antimatter and was discovered when Anderson allowed cosmic rays to pass through a cloud chamber and a lead plate.

If light were strictly a wave, the energy in the light would be represented by the amplitude of the light wave. A more intense light source, even if it was light of a lower frequency, would have enough energy to knock electrons away from their molecular orbits, which is necessary to generate a photoelectric current. What actuall occurs is that light below a certain threshold frequency does not generate any current, no matter how intense the light is. Even though the total light energy hitting the photoelectric cell may be high, it cannot free electrons.

When science progressed into the realm of the microscopic, of dimensions the size of an atom, i.e. less than a nanometer, it was observed that newtonian mechanics and classical electrodynamics were in contradiction with experiments, could not explain them.

At the microscopic level, forces don't have a meaning, because nothing touches directly anything else. There are intermediate force carriers of what is perceived as "force" macroscopically.

The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.