Mass Media & Communication Mock Test - 1

The correct answer is Expectation.

Key Points

• Individuals encounter new information or new experiences in cognitive data, and they discover information depending on their expectations, thoughts, and beliefs.
• When the new knowledge does not meet their expectations, it becomes a barrier.
• Cognitive Analytics combines a number of cognitive technologies, including as semantics, artificial intelligence algorithms, deep learning, and machine learning, to apply human-like intelligence to specific activities.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is used in cognitive data collection to simulate how the human mind consumes organised documents.
• The application of cognitive computing to automate manual data management tasks is known as cognitive data management. This reduces the administrative cost of data maintenance while also eliminating inaccuracies.

The correct answer is Electronic media

Key Points

• An Appreciation Index (AI) is a score between 0 and 100 which is used as an indicator of the public's approval for a particular television program or broadcast service in the United Kingdom.
• Determining "appreciation" was the original method for registering the success or failure of radio and television programs in Britain.
• Until 2002, the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB), the organization that also aggregates television ratings for the UK's leading broadcasters and advertisers, calculated a program's "AI."
• The AI is considered especially useful for assessing the level of appreciation by viewers for programs made for small or specialist audiences.
• If a television show has merely average ratings but a high AI, it can help assess if it should be recommissioned.

The correct answer is Searchlight

Key Points Dr Rajendra Prasad: 

• Rajendra Prasad, (born December 3, 1884, Zeradei, India—died February 28, 1963, Patna).
• He was an Indian politician, lawyer, and journalist who was the first president of the Republic of India (1950–62).
• He also was a comrade of Mahatma Gandhi early in the noncooperation movement for independence and was president of the Indian National Congress (1934, 1939, and 1947).
• He gave up his law practice in 1920 to join the noncooperation movement.
• Becoming an active journalist in the nationalist interest, he wrote for Searchlight in English and founded and edited the Hindi weekly Desh.

The correct answer is The United States

Key Points

• An organizational ombudsman (a gender-neutral term*) is an independent and neutral person who helps people within a particular organization to identify and informally resolve individual, group, and system-level concerns.
• It is located in The United States.
• Ombudsmen use their knowledge of conflict theory and organizational dynamics to identify underlying causes of problems and disputes -- and then provide tools and strategies to address them.
• Importantly, ombudsmen do not define outcomes or take action without permission from people or groups with whom they consult.
• The primary duties of organizational ombuds are:

1. To work with individuals and groups in an organization to explore and assist them in determining options to help resolve conflicts, problematic issues, or concerns.
2. To bring systemic concerns to the attention of the organization for resolution.

The correct answer is Soap operas

Key PointsProcter & Gamble Company:

• In 1932 Procter & Gamble introduced the radio audience to “The Puddle Family,” the first “soap opera,” so-called because of the sponsor.
• The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is a giant in the area of consumer goods.
• The leading maker of household products in the United States, P&G has operations in nearly 80 countries around the world and markets its nearly 300 brands in more than 160 countries.
• The company was formed in 1837 when William Procter, a British candlemaker, and James Gamble, an Irish soapmaker, merged their businesses in Cincinnati.
• Headquarters are in Cincinnati, Ohio.
• Both men settled in Cincinnati, then nicknamed "Porkopolis" for its booming hog-butchering trade. 
• The chief ingredient for both products was animal fat, which was readily available in the hog-butchering center of Cincinnati.
• There are 16 goods that generate more than $1 billion in annual revenue, which fall into the primary categories of fabric care, home care, beauty care, baby care, family care, health care, snacks, and beverages.

soap opera

• It broadcast a dramatic serial program, so-called in the United States because most of its major sponsors for many years were manufacturers of soap and detergents.
• The soap opera is characterized by a permanent cast of actors, a continuing story, emphasis on dialogue instead of action, a slower-than-life pace, and a consistently sentimental or melodramatic treatment.

The correct answer is Shutter speed

Key Points

• The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image captured with a camera.
• Depth of field is the distance between the closest and farthest objects in acceptable sharp focus when using cameras that can only focus on one object distance at a time.
• "Acceptably sharp focus" is defined using a property called the "circle of confusion".

Factors affecting depth of field

1. Focal length
2. Distance to subject
3. The acceptable circle of confusion size and
4. Aperture

Additional Information

• As distance or the size of the acceptable circle of confusion increases, the depth of field increases.
• Increasing the aperture size or the focal length, on the other hand, reduces the depth of field.

The correct answer is CNN

Key PointsThe Cable News Network (CNN)

• It is a multinational news-based pay television channel headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
• CNN was created by maverick broadcasting executive Ted Turner as part of his Turner Broadcasting System (TBS).
• CNN has to fight hard to get recognition in the broadcasting world.
• It was popularized because of its' 24-hour cable news channel.
• Upon its launch in 1980, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage.

Rolling news 

• It is a term for a radio or television station that continually broadcasts news 24 hours a day.
• This news is continually updated with new stories and rebroadcasts current stories until they lose their relevance, sometimes for just a few hours, but sometimes they are run for a couple of days.
• Rolling news can be extremely useful in PR, especially if we can locate a rolling news source that focuses entirely on our sector.
• Because the digital world is so prevalent in our modern world, rolling news is sometimes watched online, but another form of rolling news might be a continual news feed that displays on a desktop or mobile phone. 

The correct answer is Political columnist

Key Points Sketch writer

• A sketch is mainly descriptive, either of places (travel sketch) or of people (character sketch). 
• Writers of sketches clearly used the artist as a model.
• A sketch story is a hybrid form. It may have little or no storyline, instead of relaying impressions of people or locations, and it is frequently written in a casual tone.
• Popular sketch writers and their stories
• Anton Chekhov(1860–1904): A major Russian short story writer and playwright. 
• Washington Irving (1783–1859): Most popular for The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., a book of thirty essays and short stories.
• Saki (1870–1916): Edwardian satirist, first published in the Westminster Gazette. His short stories were collected as books still in print 100 years later. His Parliamentary sketches were popular at the time.
• Saadat Hassan Manto (1912–1955): Combining psychoanalysis with human behavior, Manto was arguably one of the best short storytellers of the 20th century.

Political columnist

• A political columnist specializes in writing editorial articles that focus on government, the political process, electoral campaigns, and candidates.
• A political columnist's well-reasoned arguments and insightful observations help shape the debate on important public issues.
• Political columnists write for individual newspapers, magazines, and websites.

The correct answer is a - 2, b - 3, c - 4, d - 1

Key Points The Indian Express:

• The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932.
• Founded by Shri Ramnath Goenka in 1932, The Indian Express gave India a voice of opinion that was fearless and true.
• From a single-edition paper in Madras in 1932, The Indian Express grew into a multiple-edition paper influencing thought and policy across the country. Packed with a fair mix of news, knowledge, and information.
• The Indian Express hits the heart of the issue without any fear or favor. The reason they have been identified with credible and fiercely independent journalism in India. Something they call ‘Journalism of Courage’.

Punjab Kesari:

• Punjab Kesari is a Hindi daily newspaper published in many centers in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Delhi in India. 
•  It is owned by the Punjab Kesari group also known as The Hind Samachar Ltd.
• It was launched in 1965 and established by Lala Jagat Narain.
• After his assassination, his elder son Romesh Chander had taken over. However, he too was assassinated in 1994.
• Motto-Youth India, Youth Paper

The Week:

• The Week is an Indian news magazine founded in the year 1982 and published by The Malayala Manorama Co. Ltd
• The magazine is published in Kochi and is currently printed in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Kottayam.
• According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it is the largest circulated English news magazine in India.
• Motto-Journalism with a Human Touch

The New York Times:

• The New York Times is an American daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership.
• It was founded in 1851 by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones and was initially published by Raymond, Jones & Company.
• Its strength is in its editorial excellence; it has never been the largest newspaper in terms of circulation.
• Motto-All the News That's Fit to Print.

The correct answer is Noam Chomsky

Key Points

• Avram Noam Chomsky(born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historical essayist, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics".
• Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science.
• The news media use filters to distinguish between the types of content that should be published and those that should not, and one of these filters is known as flak.
• Noam Chomsky defines flaks as the negative responses to a media statement or program. It can be in the form of letters, telegrams, phone calls, petitions, lawsuits, speeches and Bills.
• Such complaints or actions can be raised by the government, companies, advertisers or other individuals.

The correct answer is The Head Line

Key Points

• 'Ticket on the meat' refers to Head Line, Use it to flag down readers who are prospects for the kind of product you are advertising.
• It was quoted by David Mackenzie Ogilvy (23 June 1911 – 21 July 1999) a British advertising tycoon, and founder of Ogilvy & Mather, and known as the "Father of Advertising".
• Ogilvy insisted that it is better not to advertise than to use poorly designed or poorly written advertisements.
• He attributed the success of his campaigns to meticulous research into consumer habits. His most famous campaigns include Rolls-Royce, Dove soap, and Hathaway shirts.

The correct answer is a - 2, b - 4, c - 3, d - 1

Key Points Sandra Oliver:

• Dr Sandra Oliver, Ph.D., FCIPR (Hon), FRSA, is currently Emeritus Professor at Thames Valley University, London, UK 
• She is the author of Public Relations Strategy.
• This new and updated version of the Public Relations Strategy explains how PR lies at the heart of sound, ethical corporate communication as a core strategic management function. 
• The new edition explores the following topics:

1. PR as strategic and issues management
2. Attaining and maintaining a reputation
3. Internal communication as a PR strategy
4. Managing ethics and evaluation in PR programming
5. Online/offline media relations

Edward L. Bernays:

• Crystallizing Public Opinion is a book written by Edward Bernays and published in 1923.
• It is perhaps the first book to define and explain the field of public relations
• Edward Louis Bernays ( November 22, 1891 − March 9, 1995) was an American theorist, who was a pioneer in the fields of propaganda and public relations.
• He become the first thinker to explain how corporations and politicians could manipulate public opinion.

Scott M. Cutlip:

• Scott Munson Cutlip (July 15, 1915, in Buckhannon, West Virginia – August 18, 2000, in Madison, Wisconsin) was a pioneer in public relations education.
• Scott M. Cutlip was an internationally known journalism educator, who had unmatched expertise in public relations.
• He wrote the book Effective public relations.

Paul A. Argenti:

• Paul Argenti is a pioneer in the field of corporate communication, teaching some of the earliest courses on the subject for Harvard Business School, Columbia Business School, and the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth.
• He wrote Corporate Communication, the first textbook in the field.
• He teaches courses on corporate communication, corporate responsibility, and general management, and has consulted and run training programs for hundreds of companies including ING, Mitsui, Novartis, Goldman Sachs, and the Detroit Lions.

The correct answer is Picture information

Key Points

• A video that contains a digital signature and the digital watermark is called an active video.
• In Active video Eye-catching visuals captivate us, then we use that focus to get a better idea of what a message truly is trying to say.
• Visuals give us a better understanding of not just the message, but what's behind the message.
• Explained easier, faster, and clearer than just a cluster of written words.

The correct answer is Civil Courts

Key Points

• The copyright board has been constituted to perform judicial functions.
• Therefore, the copyright board has been accredited with the powers of the civil court for the purpose of Sec. 345 & 346 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
• All proceedings of the court are judicial proceedings within the meaning of Sec.

Functions of the Copyright Board :

• Settlement of disagreements about whether enough copies of a literary, theatrical, or artistic work or record are made available to the public.
• Settlement of disputes as to whether the term of copyright for any work is shorter in any other country than that provided for that work under the Act.
• Granting of compulsory license to produce and publish a translation of literary and dramatic works.
• Granting of compulsory license to reproduce and publish literary, scientific, or artistic works for certain purposes.

The correct answer is Erskine Childers

Key Points

• Erskine Childers (1966), the brain behind the term Development Support Communication(DSC).
• Development Support Communication:
• DSC is specifically designed communication strategies that support a particular development program.
• In general, “DSC is a concept of communication activities that undertake the exchange of messages at the more participatory level to achieve specific goals of exchange and development.”
• Development Support Communication makes use of all available structures and means of information sharing.
• DSC is a legitimate function of development planning and implementation.

The correct answer is Itochu, Toshiba, Time Warner, US West

Key PointsTime Warner: 

• It was an American cable television company. Before it was acquired by Charter Communications on May 18, 2016, it was ranked the second-largest cable company in the United States by revenue.
• Its corporate headquarters were located in the Time Warner Center in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
• It was controlled by Warner Communications, then by Time Warner.

Toshiba: 

• Toshiba Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered in Minato, Tokyo.
• The Toshiba name is derived from its former name, Tokyo Shibaura Denki K.K. (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd) which in turn was a 1939 merger between Shibaura Seisaku-sho (founded in 1875) and Tokyo Denki (founded in 1890). 
• The company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in 1978.

Itochu:

• Itochu Corporation is a Japanese corporation based in Umeda, Kita-Ku, Osaka, and Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo.
• Itochu is one of the largest Japanese general trading companies.
• Among Japanese trading companies, it is distinguished by not being descended from a historical zaibatsu group, but by the strength of its textile business and its successful business operations in China.

US West:

• US West, Inc. is one of seven Regional Bell Operating Companies created in 1983.
• The Company offers wireline, wireless personal cellular services, data networking, directory, and information services.
• US West was a public company traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "USW"

The correct answer is Two way communication

Key Points

• Marketing effectiveness depends significantly on communication effectiveness. The market in reality is energized (or activated) through information flows. 
• The way a buyer perceives the market offering of the sales is influenced by the amount and kind of information he has about the offering and his reaction to that information.
• According to this thought, marketing relies heavily upon information flows between the sellers and their prospective customers.
• Marketing is heavily based on decision-making activities, whereas marketing communications is the implementation of marketing decisions.
• This results in a two-way information flow between the company and its buyers.
• Two-way communication happens when the recipient and the sender of a message exchange roles on a continuous basis. 
• In marketing, this happens when a brand sends a message, the consumer responds to the message, the brand reacts to the consumer's response, and so on.
• Marketing communications is a dialogue between buyer and seller, not simply a monologue from the seller to the buyer.

The correct answer is Selection, organization, creating meaning and perception

Key Points

• When humans think of exchanging their ideas with others or giving some information to others, they do it in two ways. They either speak and tell or they just do it without words.

Communication process by Human

Selecting

• They get information through all five senses, but their perceptual field (the world around us) contains so many stimuli that their brains are incapable of processing and making sense of it all.
• So, as information comes in through their senses, various factors influence what actually continues on through the perception process.
• In selecting process they focus their attention on certain incoming sensory information. 

Organizing

• Organizing is the second part of the process, in which they sort and categorize information that they perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns (schemata). 
• Four schemata help us makes sense of experiences: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.
• Constructivism is the idea that they organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata.
• There are four types of these schemata, prototypes, personal construct, stereotypes, and scripts which they use to make sense of phenomena. 
• One or all of these tools can be used to organize their perceptions in a meaningful way.

Creating meaning/Interpreting:

• Although selecting and organizing incoming stimuli happens very quickly, and sometimes without much conscious thought, interpretation can be a much more deliberate and conscious step in the perception process.
• in which they assign meaning to their experiences using mental structures known as schemata. 
• Schemata are like databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences. 

Perception:

• Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
• This process includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through their perceptual filters, are organized into their existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences.
• Although perception is a largely cognitive and psychological process, how they perceive the people and objects around them affects their communication.

The correct answer is Dutch angle

Key Points

• The Dutch angle is also known as  Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique angle which is a type of camera shot.
• It is a type of camera shot that involves setting the camera at an angle on its roll axis so that the shot is composed of vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with the bottom of the camera frame.
• It’s a camera technique that was used by the German Expressionists in the 1920s — so it's not actually Dutch.
• Directors often use a Dutch angle to signal to the viewer that something is wrong, disorienting, or unsettling.
• The Dutch angle shot used to be called “The German Angle” because this camera angle came to prominence in early German Expressionism. 
• Consider when planning a Dutch angle shot:

1. The degree of our tilt
2. The depth of field for our shot
3. The vertical level of our view

The correct answer is Frame layout

Key Points
Frame layout:

• The frame layout helps in controlling the flow of the text in frame where the frame can have contain multiple columns.
• Frame Layout is one of the simplest layout to organize view controls.
• They are designed to block an area on the screen. 
• Frame Layout should be used to hold child view, because it can be difficult to display single views at a specific area on the screen without overlapping each other.

The correct answer is Criteria

Key Points

• The researchers found that verification is widely seen as essential and core to reporting work. 
• The discipline of Verification, its intellectual foundation rests on three core concepts – transparency, humility, and originality.

Transparency:

• Transparency means showing your work so readers can decide for themselves why they should believe it.
• Transparency signals the Journalist's respect for the audience. It allows the audience to judge the validity of the information, the process by which it was secured, and the motives and biases of the Journalist providing it.

Humility:

• It means keeping an open mind.
• Journalists need to keep an open mind — not only about what they hear but also about their own ability to understand what it means. Exercise humility. Don’t assume. Avoid arrogance about your knowledge.
• Journalists need to recognize their own fallibility and the limitations of their knowledge. They should be conscious of false omniscience and avoid just “writing around it.”

Originality:

• It means doing your own work.
• Information can be viewed as a hierarchy. At the top is the work you have done yourself, reporting you can directly vouch for.
• Journalists said the most common mistakes they make are when they take something from someone or somewhere else and don't double-check it.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

•  Paswan Committee - National Communication Policy.
  • The first committee on National Communication Policy in India was headed by Ram Vilas Paswan.
  • This committee was formed in 1996.
  • Ram Vilas Paswan was elected as Communications Union Cabinet Minister from 1999-t2004.
• P.C. Joshi Committee - Software for Indian Television.
  • In 1982, the government formed a Working Group under the chairmanship of Dr. PC Joshi to develop a software plan for Doordarshan. The Working Group's report was submitted in 1984, and it stressed Doordarshan's lack of functional flexibility.
• Kuldip Nayyar Committee - Indian news agencies.
  • In August 1977, the Kuldip Nayyar Committee issued a report on news agencies.​
  • The committee will look into the structure of Samachar as a news agencies and other related issues.
• Karanth Committee - Status of Indian Film Industry.
  • Karanth committee is related to Indian film industry.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

Amrita Bazar Patrika

• The Amrita Bazar Patrika was one of India's first daily newspapers.
• Sisir Kumar Ghose and Moti Lal Ghosh published Amrita Bazar Patrika for the first time on February 20, 1868.

Swarajya 

• With the support of Bodi Narayana Rao, Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao launched the Telugu weekly newspaper 'Swarajya' in 1908. He published numerous essays in this newspaper denouncing the British government's many discriminatory practices.

The Hindustan Times

• ​Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, the founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab Province launched Hindustan Times in 1924. As a nationalist newspaper, it played an important part in the Indian independence movement.

Deccan Herald ​

• Deccan Herald was founded by K. N. Guruswamy on June 17, 1948.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• The creative distribution of information through cultural and performance arts is known as folk media. Folk media such as plays, skits, poems, stories, riddles, songs, and dance have been popularly and successfully utilised to transmit messages and even to pass on the wisdom of elder generations to younger generations in traditional communities.
• Due to the development of the film industry, radio, television and video, the folk media gradually disappearing.
• As a kind of advertising, folk media has significant flaws. Folk media, for example, has a very restricted reach and accessibility. They aren't appealing to national advertisers. The modern media has penetrated nearly every nook and corner of society.
• One of the reasons of the collapse of folk media is due to a lack of encouragement for outstanding artists.
• Any information can reach a greater audience in less time thanks to modern media.
• Folk media have a Homogenous audience where as modern media have a Heterogonous audience.
• From this, we can say that folk media are now museum artifacts due to the introduction of new technology.

The correct answer is Deconstruct.

Key Points

• The theory of signs is known as semiology (or semiotics).
• Traditionally semiology is divided into three components -
  1. Semantics - the study of meaning.
  2. Syntactics - the study of grammar.
  3. Pragmatics - the study of the actual purposes and effects of meaningful utterances.
• Semiology is the study of all patterns in linguistic and non-linguistic communication systems.
• Saussure discovered semiological principles as they applied to language; Barthes extended these ideas to all kinds of messages (word-and-image interactions).

The correct answer is Colour correction.

Key Points

• Colour correction:
  • When a photograph is edited to adjust the colour balance, it is called Colour correction.
  • Color correction is a method of changing the color of the light in a photo.
  • Color correction is a technique used in stage lighting, photography, television, cinematography, and other fields to change the overall colour of light using colour gels or filters.
• Color separation - Color separation is the process of separating a full-color photograph into four independent components, which correspond to the four fundamental colours used in process colour printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
• Colour grading - Colour grading is the process of altering the visual look of a still image or a moving image such as a video.
• Colour constancy - The tendency of objects to appear the same colour under changing lighting is known as colour constancy. Whether in the tungsten light of the kitchen or in the sunlight outside, a yellow banana seems yellow.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

Preparation, Implementation, Impact Model - Cutlip, Center & Broom.

• For different demands, Cutlip, Center, and Broom devised a three-level evaluation model: preparation, implementation, and impact.
• Each phase in the methodology is intended to improve comprehension and provide data for effectiveness evaluation.
• The 'preparation' level examines if sufficient background information has been gathered in order to plan the programme efficiently and effectively.
• At the 'implementation' level, evaluation considers how techniques were implemented.
• The third level of the model assesses the impact or the extent to which the program's objectives have been met.

Three step yardstick model - Lindermann.

• ​Lindenmann developed the three-step Yardstick' Model in 1993, which provides a set of principles or standards that practitioners can use when assessing communication effectiveness.
• The first level is the most fundamental, and it assesses outputs. It concentrates on the practitioner's or organization's real actions, as well as how practitioners present and conduct themselves.
• The second level is the intermediate level assesses the reception, attention, comprehension, and retention of messages.
• The third level is referred to as the advanced level, and it focuses on assessing opinion shifts, attitude shifts, and, at the greatest level, behavioural shifts.

Pyramid Model - McNamara.

• ​In 1999, Macnamara created the Pyramid Model of Public Relations Research. It takes into account the communication impacts of input, output, and outcome.
• The pyramid model divided into 3 parts:

1. The bottom of the pyramid represents the wide range of media and activities that practitioners must explore before narrowing down media options depending on target audiences and messages.
2. The physical material and activities that would produce a succession of outputs are depicted in the centre part.
3. The achievement of a desired objective (attitudinal or behavioural) is indicated in the top area, which is referred to as the effect or outcomes.

Short term and continuing programme model - Watson & Nobel.

• In 1997, Watson developed two evaluation models: the Short-term Model and the Continuing Model of Evaluation.
• The Short-term Model, according to Nobel, is focused with simple awareness aims and is thought to be a linear process with no feedback mechanism.
• Long-term activities are the focus of the Continuing Model of Evaluation, which includes a feedback loop.

The correct answer is Referential.

Key Points

• When media is connected with reality, that type of framing becomes referential.
• The angle or perspective from which a news story is conveyed is referred to as media framing.
• In various media applications, framing can be seen.
• Only when a framing has reality, such as in mass media communication, is it referential.
• A frame is a manner of packaging a piece of speech to encourage particular readings while discouraging others.

The correct answer is citizen viewpoints.

Key Points

• Democratic-participant theory of media can be implemented only by citizen viewpoints.
• The social responsibility theory has been modified to create the Democratic Participant Theory.
• It proposes that the media should propagate, support, and promote individuals' thoughts and opinions on governance, leadership, and stewardship of public leaders.
• It highlighted the importance of equal and unrestricted access for all people, regardless of their class, money, or position.
• Participation in societal decision-making and communication activities should not be limited to the wealthy but should be available to all citizens.
• Small media organisations must be identified, trained, and funded by the government. 

The correct answer is Protool.

Key Points

• Protool is a software which is not applied for the page layout of magazines or newspapers.
• Protool - Avid Technology created and launched Pro Tools, a digital audio workstation for Microsoft Windows and macOS. It is used in the development and production of music, sound for film, and sound recording, editing, and mastering operations in general.
• InDesign - InDesign is a powerful but difficult page layout programme that is used to create sophisticated page layouts for magazines, newspapers, catalogues, and other printed publications.
• QuarkExpress - In a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment, QuarkXPress is a desktop publishing software for designing and altering complicated page layouts. It is compatible with both Mac OS X and Windows. It was first released in 1987 by Quark, Inc., and the company still owns and publishes it.
• PageMaker - For many years, PageMaker was the de facto standard in the visual arts sector for making all sizes and types of advertising, brochures, newsletters, and books. Aldus Corporation first released it for the Mac in 1985, and it quickly became the industry standard for desktop publishing.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• In a democracy, the media serves as a supervisor for the public interest.
• It is an important part of a democracy since it serves as a people's agency for informing them about national and international affairs.
• One of the main functions of the media is to give people with accurate and objective information in order for them to form informed opinions on social, political, and international issues. As a result, the media is a vital stakeholder in a democracy, with the responsibility of providing unbiased, truthful news free of vested interests.
• Paid news, media trials, non-problems being presented as genuine news while real issues are ignored, news being doctored and fact distortion for profit and political advantage, fake news, and yellow journalism are all serious concerns that influence the public and have an impact on national security.
• In the absence of objective journalism, the deceptive presentation of truth occurs in society, influencing people's perceptions and beliefs.
• The media's pursuit of sensationalism and greater TRP rates leads to misinformation.
• So Indian media's main motto is not only to earn profit there were to other reason too.
• Both (Assertion) and (Reason) are true, but (Reason) is not the correct explanation of (Assertion).

The correct answer is the Trade name.

Key Points

• Bluetooth is a Trade name.
• The Bluetooth word mark, figure mark, and combination mark (collectively, the "Bluetooth Trademarks") are licensed to only Members of Bluetooth SIG, Inc. ("the Bluetooth SIG"), as stipulated in the Bluetooth Trademark License Agreement ("BTLA").
• Members may use the Bluetooth Trademarks to promote their membership in the Bluetooth SIG by using them in conjunction with their products and services, as well as in conjunction with their firm.
• When the trademarks are associated with a product, it must have gone through and passed the Bluetooth Qualification Process.

The correct answer is Wilbur Schramm.

Key Points

• The book, 'Men, Media and Messages' was written by Wilbur Schramm.
  • It was published in 1973 by Harper & Row, New York.
  • Wilbur Schramm was an American mass communication scholar who helped to establish and shape the discipline of communication studies.
  • Mass Communications, Process and the Effects of Mass Communication, Television in the Lives of Our Children, Mass Media and National Development, and The Story of Human Communications: Cave Painting to the Microchip were some important books written by Wilbur Schramm.
• Melvin Lawrence De Fleur is a communications and social psychology professor and researcher. He was born in Portland, Oregon, on April 27, 1923.
• William Hachten was a journalist who was born in Wichita on November 30, 1924. He spent three decades conducting research and teaching workshops in over a dozen African countries, as well as publishing numerous articles and books on the subject of African mass communication.
• Everett Hagan - In the year 1906, Everett Einar Hagen was born in Holloway, Minnesota. He graduated from St. Olaf College with a bachelor's degree in 1927 and went on to the University of Wisconsin, where he obtained a master's degree in history in 1932 and a PhD in economics in 1941.

The correct answer is Collaborative effort between client and agency

Key PointsCopy platform

• A copy platform is a statement made by the advertiser (typically in collaboration with an advertising agency) that outlines the advertising strategy, as well as a summary of the plan's logic and related background information.
• A copy platform enables a business to target an appropriate market and generate leads or convert sales.
• It is made up of the definition of the product or service as well as the brand articulation.
• These essential marketing elements create the basics for public relations, marketing and advertising.
• A properly created copy platform lays a foundation for solid communication to the target market.
• The term "copy platform" refers to a joint effort between the customer and the agency.
• The written statement of creative strategy is sometimes called a "copy platform." 

The correct answer is Propaganda

Key Points

• Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people, rather than impartially providing information.
• Propaganda can be found in news and journalism, government, advertising, entertainment, education, and activism.
• The aim of propaganda is to influence people's opinions or behaviors actively, rather than merely to communicate the facts about something. 
• The method of propaganda is essential to the word's meaning as well.
• The manner of propaganda is also crucial to the meaning of the word.
• To be considered propaganda, a message does not have to be false.
   

Techniques of propaganda

• A number of techniques that are based on social psychological research are used to generate propaganda.
• Appeal to authority: Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position idea, argument, or course of action.
• Appeal to Prejudice: Using loaded or emotive terms to attach value or moral goodness to believing the proposition.
• Euphoria: The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness in lieu of spreading more sadness, or using a good event to try to cover up another. 
• Red herring: Presenting data that is irrelevant, then claiming that it validates your argument.
• Planted news: Using this technique to fulfill irrelevantly desires of organizations, Political parties, and business purposes.

The correct answer is The Third Wave economy

Key PointsThe Third Wave economy

• The Third Wave economy is based on knowledge and information.
• The importance of knowledge as a tool that could be used to achieve the developmental goals of nations cannot be over-emphasized.
• Knowledge is of decisive importance in the economic development of countries.
• The importance and value of information within economics are huge.
•  It eliminates risk and uncertainty, and it makes it possible to take better choices that will report higher yields. 
   

Additional Information

•  The first wave of the economy is based on The Agriculture Revolution.
• The second wave of the economy is based on The Industrial Revolution.

The correct answer is the Social loafing experiment

Key PointsSocial loafing experiment

• Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort when working collectively as part of a group compared to performing a task alone.
• Social loafing is more evident in tasks where the contribution of each group member is combined into a group outcome, making it difficult to identify the contribution of a single person.
• Expectations of coworker performance, task significance, and culture are all factors that influence social loafing.
• Williams Latane's explained social loafing through the Social Impact Theory.
• Latané (1981) defines social impact as: “any influence on individual feelings, thoughts, or behavior that is exerted by the real, implied, or imagined presence or actions of others”.
• In social loafing studies, Lantané's social impact theory focused on how individuals might be sources or targets of social influence.
• And stated that because there are few sources and few targets, each target's work diminishes.

The correct answer is (A) is true, but (R) is false.

Key Points

• As per ITU’s World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, only 43 percent of the population in India uses the internet. 
• The IAMAI-Kantar Report ICUBE 2020 suggests that there are 58 percent male internet users and 42 percent female internet users in India. 
• The digital divide can be explained as the inequalities between the digital haves and the have-nots in terms of their access to the internet and the ICTs. 
• The digital divide poses severe social implications.
• The inability to access technology has the potential to increase existing social exclusions and deprive individuals of essential resources.
• The knowledge economy is focused on the essential importance of human capital in the 21st-century economy. 
• The knowledge economy is characterized by the presence of a higher percentage of highly skilled employees whose jobs require special knowledge or skills.
• In the new knowledge economy, the most valuable assets that a company owns are often intangible assets – such as patents, copyrights, or proprietary software or processes.

The correct answer is option 1

Key Points

• Technological and economic assaults have destroyed the for-profit business model that sustained local journalism.
• The newspaper industry enjoyed prolonged success due to a stable business model.
• But the industry’s inability to evolve in the face of financial adversity and technological change has rendered that model largely obsolete.
• The traditional business model that once supported local newspapers relying on print subscribers and advertising to generate revenue–has become difficult to sustain as the audience for local news continues to shrink and advertising dollars disappear.
• As newspapers have seen revenues from digital advertising grow in recent years, they have experienced a sharp decline in their total advertising revenues. 
• The local news crisis has also precipitated a general disengagement from local democratic life.

The correct answer is a favorable treatment to a story

Key Points

• When a newspaper gives special attention to a person, subject, or institution it is termed a sacred cow.
• A person, group, or institution is considered exempt from questioning or criticism. 
   

Additional Information

• A sacred cow is an idea, custom, or institution held, especially unreasonably, to be above criticism.
• Some words used in newspaper: 
• Columnist — A person who writes a regular column giving a personal opinion.  
• Clips — articles that have been cut out of the newspaper, short for clippings. 
• Ad, Advertisment — Printed notice of something for sale paid for by the advertiser. 

The correct answer is Personal words and sentences

Key Points

• The Flesch Formula is a readability index.
• The Flesch Formula or Flesch Reading Ease Formula tells us how easy or difficult a text is to read.
• Its score ranges from zero to 100. The higher the score, the easier the text is to read and understand.

The Flesch  Readability Formula

• The specific mathematical formula is:
• RE = 206.835 – (1.015 x ASL) – (84.6 x ASW)
• RE = Readability Ease
• ASL = Average Sentence Length (i.e., the number of words divided by the number of sentences)
• ASW = Average number of syllables per word (i.e., the number of syllables divided by the number of words)
• The output, i.e., RE is a number ranging from 0 to 100. The higher the number, the easier the text is to read.
• 100 = The passage is extremely easy to read and understand.
• 65 = The passage is relatively easy to read and understand.
• 30 = The passage is difficult to read and understand.
• 0 = The passage is extremely difficult to read and understand.
   

Additional Information

• Rudolf Franz Flesch (1911-1986), an Austrian-American readability expert, devised the Flesch Formula.
• He was also a writing consultant. He was a proponent of plain English in the US.
• Flesch developed the Formula in the 1940s.
• Flesch said students should use phonics to sound out unfamiliar words, rather than sight-reading.

The correct answer is the Isolated word.

Key Points

• Widow
  •    A widow is a single word or a small group of words or isolated words that appears at the end of a paragraph and falls at the top of the next page or column, separating it from the remainder of the text.
  • They have a past but no future.
  • They tend to make large stretches of text look imbalanced and cluttered, as well as leave too much white space at the page starting.
  • An isolated word is a single word or short sentence at the conclusion of a paragraph, particularly at the top or bottom of a column or page.

Additional Information

• Orphan
  • A paragraph-opening line that appears at the bottom of a page or column by itself, effectively separating it from the rest of the text.

The correct answer is a - 3, b - 1, c - 4, d - 2

Key PointsW.W. Rostow

• Walt Whitman Rostow (October 7, 1916 – February 13, 2003) was an American economist, professor, and political theorist.
• Rostow's stages of the economic growth model are one of the major historical models of economic growth.
• The model postulates that economic growth occurs in five basic stages, of varying lengths:

1. The traditional society
2. The preconditions for take-off
3. The take-off
4. The drive to maturity
5. The age of high mass-consumption

Shannon & Weaver

• The Shannon–Weaver model of communication has been called the "mother of all models.
• The term Shannon–Weaver model was widely adopted in social science fields such as education, communication sciences, organizational analysis, and psychology.
• Shannon and Weaver developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing what became known as the dominant form of information theory.
• In information theory, the entropy of a random variable is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent to the variable's possible outcomes.
• Shannon's theory defines a data communication system as composed of three elements: a source of data, a communication channel, and a receiver. 

Marshall McLuhan

• Herbert Marshall McLuhan (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian philosopher whose work is among the cornerstones of the study of media theory.
• McLuhan coined the expression "the medium is the message" in the name of the first chapter of his Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964.
• According to McLuhan, the study of a communication medium should be focused on the medium itself rather than the messages it conveys.
• He demonstrated how artifacts like media have an impact on any civilization based on their qualities or content.

Herbert Spencer:

• Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism.
• Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864) 
• He was an early advocate of the theory of evolution.
• Who achieved an influential synthesis of knowledge, advocating the preeminence of the individual over society and of science over religion.

The correct answer is a sentence in the news story that leads to a sound bite

Key Points

• When one person passes or throws the task of continuing the presentation on the live show it is termed a throw line.
• A throw line in a news report is a sentence that leads to a sound bite.
• A sound bite is a brief, memorable video, audio, or speech that captures the core of what you're saying and piques your curiosity in the full-length source.
• It’s widely used in the media, politics, and marketing to define headlines.
• Which eventually helps people know about a product, event, or even a period in history. 
   

Additional Information

•  The term “sound bite” originated in the 1970s from the American media.
• It has been highly used by politicians, to sum up, their positions ever since. 
• Daniel Schorr, the news analyst for National Public Radio and Washington correspondent, traced the root of the term to the 1960s. 
• In today’s media, sound bites substitute slogans politicians used before, which now are out-of-date.
• One of the most famous examples of sound bites is President John F. Kennedy’s words: “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.” 

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Annie Besant - New India.
  • New India Newspaper was founded by Annie Besant on 1st June 1914 in the English language.
  • New India was a publication intended to disseminate information about the Indian liberation struggle and to express the opinions of its founder, Dr Annie Besant.
• Thomas J. Bennet - The Times of India.
  • Sir Thomas Jewell Bennett was a Conservative Party politician and a British journalist.
  • He is well known for being the editor and sole proprietor of The Times of India.
  • From 1918 to 1923, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Sevenoaks constituency in Kent, England.
• Robert Knight - The Statesman.
  • The Statesman is a Kolkata-based English-language daily newspaper.
  • It was launched in 1875 by Robert Knight as a continuation of an earlier publication called The Friend of India (founded 1817).
• Chittaranjan Das - Forward.
  • ​Forward Newspaper was started by Chittaranjan.
  • Chittaranjan was also known as Desh Bandhu.

The correct answer is Immanuel Kant

Key Points

• Immanuel Kant (Prussia, 1724-1804) was one of the most influential intellectuals in the field of political philosophy.
• The categorical imperative was proposed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his 1785 book “Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals”. 
• A categorical imperative is a moral law that is absolute and unconditional, meaning that it does not depend on a particular end goal.
• For example, when it comes to relationships, the categorical imperative means that you should avoid being rude to people, unless you want everyone to be rude to each other.
• The categorical imperative is a moral principle that denotes that you should"act exclusively in accordance with that maxim by which you can wish it to become a universal law at the same time."
   

Additional Information

• The concepts of maxims and imperatives play an important role in the Kantian philosophy relating to the categorical imperative.
• A maxim is the subjective principle of volition; the practical law is the objective principle (i.e., the principle that would serve all rational individuals subjectively as a practical principle if reason had complete control over the faculty of desire)."

The correct answer is Ideology

Key Points

• Raymond Williams gave three meanings in relation to ideology.
• One is the general process of the meaning production that has given rise to the opposition between class-based knowledge.
• That is illusory and supposedly “scientific” knowledge of human activity and practice that is objective and true.
• According to Raymond Williams, ideology is a set of social concepts that is shaped by and reflects the material conditions of society, particularly the forms of production in that society.

Additional Information

• Raymond Williams (1921-1988) was an author, academic, cultural theorist, literary critic, public intellectual, socialist, and a leading figure of the New Left.
• His writings on politics, culture, the media and literature contributed to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts.
• His work laid foundations for the field of cultural studies and cultural materialism.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• S. Mulgaokar - 
  • From 1973 to 1981, Srikrishna Mulgaokar was the editor-in-chief of Indian Express. Srikrishna Mulgaokar was a renowned Indian newspaper editor who stood firm in his opposition to succeeding Indian prime ministers on policy problems.
• V.K. Narasimhan - 
  • Narasimhan has a distinguished 40-year career in journalism. During the Emergency in the late 1970s, he was the editor of The Indian Express for 19 months. Through his sharp and critical articles, he kept aloft the dignity, honour, and freedom of the press throughout this time, and he received widespread acclaim for it.
• B.G. Varghese - 
  • Boobli George Verghese was a senior journalist in India. From 1982 until 1986, he was the editor of India's main newspaper, The Indian Express. He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Contribution to Journalism in 1975.
• Shekhar Gupta -
  • From 1996 to 2015, he was the editor-in-chief and CEO of The Indian Express.​

The correct answer is Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Public-Opinion Quarterly, Newspaper Research Journal, Media Asia

Key PointsJournalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

• Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of communication and journalism. 
• The editor-in-chief is Louisa Ha.
• The journal was established in 1924 as the Journalism Bulletin, the flagship journal of the Association of Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC).
• SAGE Publications publish it in association with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.
• This journal is a Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) member.
• Articles in the Journalism and & Mass Communication Quarterly are available online before they are published in print.

Public Opinion Quarterly

• Public Opinion Quarterly is an academic journal.
• It was established in 1937.
• It is published by Oxford University Press for the American Association for Public Opinion Research, covering communication studies and political science.
• According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.429.
• Ranking it 20th out of 79 journals in the category "Communication"
• Ranking 37th out of 163 journals in the category "Political Science" and
• Ranking 18th out of 93 journals in the category "Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary".
• Its first editor-in-chief was former diplomat DeWitt Clinton Poole.

Newspaper Research Journal

• The Newspaper Research Journal is a quarterly, peer-reviewed academic journal .
• It publishes original social scientific (including newspaper management and media economics), and historical and legal articles about all aspects of the global newspaper industry, including journalism.
• The editor-in-chief is Dane S. Claussen.
• The journal is published by the Newspaper and Online News Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in association with SAGE Publications.

Media Asia

• Media Asia is a quarterly magazine.
• which serves as an important platform for the exchange of views and information on mass communication in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
• Each issue of the journal has valuable information, views, and comments relevant to communication professionals, scholars, and laymen. 
• The Media Asia is a joint publication of the Asian Media Information and Communication Centre, Singapore, and the School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore.

The correct answer is option 2

Key Points

• Development communication is an essential feature for the Indian situation as we are still a developing nation with a large population 
• It is important to note that we do possess an enormously large amount of resources of all kinds including human and natural ones.
• But we are yet to achieve the kind of universal development of masses which should have been the optimum given the country‘s situation.
• In India, the concept of development communication has not taken off.
• Effective communication is, of course, not a sole solution to India's development.
• It is a necessary component of programs for improving agricultural  productivity, reconciling con-flict among competing groups, and  effectively implementing  govern-ment  policies.
• whether Indians will use their growing ability to communicate to make each segment of society more solid and separate,
• or whether they will use it to open the flow of ideas across linguistic and social barriers so that Indians can learn from one another and thus "begin the process of perpetual discovery and innovation."
• This will be the ultimate test of India's progress in terms of developmental communication.