Mass Media & Communication Mock Test - 2

The correct answer is Channel of communication

Key Points

• Communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans as well as to an organization.
• It is a process of creating and sharing ideas, information, views, facts, and feelings from one place, person, or group to another.
• A communication channel is a particular type of media through which a message is sent and received.
• In this way, messages are transmitted or sent to large, perhaps millions or billions of people spread across the world.
• They are sent through different forms of mass media such as newspapers, magazines, films, radio, television, and the internet.
• Media is the plural for the word medium or ‘means of communication’.
• The means of communication is also called the channel of communication.
• Mass communication can therefore also be defined as ‘who’, ‘says what’, ‘in which channel’, ‘to whom’, ‘with what effect’.

• ‘Who’: refers to the communicator.
• Says ‘what’?: Here ‘what’ means the message. What the communicator has written, spoken, or shown in the message.
• ‘In what channel’: This refers to the medium or channels like the newspaper, radio, or television.
• ‘To whom’: This refers to the person receiving the message or the receiver.
• “With what effect”: This refers to the impact of a message on a channel or medium.
• Let us assume that you have been informed about an event in a newspaper, or on the radio of a social message.
• If this has changed your attitude towards a social evil like dowry or if a film song on television has entertained you, it may be called “the effect”.

The correct answer is Doordarshan

Key Points

• Television came to India on September 15, 1959, with experimental transmission from Delhi. 
• It was a modest beginning with a make-shift studio, a low-power transmitter, and only 21 community television sets.
• All India Radio provided the engineering and program professionals. 
• Daily one-hour service with a news bulletin was started in 1965. 
• Doordarshan is a Public broadcast terrestrial television channel run by Prasar Bharati, a board formed by the Government of India.
• It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
• Doordarshan had its beginning with the experimental telecast started in Delhi in September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio.
• The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio.
• Till 1975, only seven cities were covered by Doordarshan and it remained the only television channel in India.
• Krishi Darshan, Chaupaal, Doordarshan Samachar, and Kalyani were among the first generation of programs produced for the channel.

The correct answer is Consumer Generated Media.

Key Points 

• It is an audio or video media created by the end-user that has been posted on a social media platform.
• It is also called User-generated content (UGC) or User-created Content (UGC)
• The phrase "social media" refers to a variety of websites that allow users to engage in a variety of social activities.
• Example: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc

Definition of Yellow Journalism: A type of journalism that relies on exaggeration and sensationalism to draw in readers.

Origin: 1890s Newspaper circulation war between the New York Journal, and the New York World, in which sensational stories were printed.

Yellow Journalism

1. Newspapers were the source of news, informing people of the goings-on long before the radio and television were invented.
2. To be successful in business, newspaper publishers began employing new methods to attract readers.
3. This was the start of yellow journalism in the late 1800s, as publishers saw an opportunity to increase their revenue.
4. The question became how they would make their newspapers stand out from the competition. That’s where yellow journalism came in.
5. Today, the term “yellow journalism” is used negatively to describe any journalistic style that treats real news either unprofessionally or unethically or that puts forth information as true, which has no basis.
6. Examples of yellow journalism stories that would be treated in such a way are those that are either scare-mongering or scandal-mongering.
7. Some salient features are:​

• “Scare” headlines printed in large type, despite the news story itself being minor
• Generous usage of photos or drawings to accompany the story
• The writer being overly sympathetic with the “underdog” in the story and overly against “The Man” (the system)
• Using fabricated interviews, deceptive headlines, pseudoscience, and/or false information from so-called “experts” to pad out a story.

Therefore, the term ‘Yellow Journalism’ refers to sensationalism and exaggeration to attract readers/viewers.

Note:

1. sensational news about terrorism and violence:

• It is also an act of ‘Yellow Journalism’ as Modern terrorism is media terrorism.
• The media are attracted by extreme terrorist acts not only because it is their duty to report on any major event but also because of the dramatic and spectacular aspect of terrorism fascinates the general public.
• Today’s terrorists exploit this and act in a way that will attract maximum attention around the world.

​     2. sensational news about arts and culture:

• News about arts and culture barely keeps the audience on the edge.
• It is neither scare-mongering nor can attract the attention of the audience.
• However, any sensational news on arts and culture can be a part of ‘Yellow Journalism’.

    3. sensational newsprints in the yellow paper: ‘Yellow Journalism’ has nothing to do with newsprints in yellow paper.

The correct answer is All of the above

Key Points

• Television advertising refers to the process of creating and airing commercials on television with the aim to promote a product or service.
• TV advertising is one of the most common and effective ways to reach consumers. 
• This is because it offers a wide reach, frequency, and impact.
• It allows you to convey your message with sight, sound, and motion, which can give your business, product, or service instant credibility.
• Television commercials get only a few seconds to deliver their message. Hence, they make sure to get their point across quickly and effectively.
• Every TV ad is created with a specific marketing objective in mind, whether it’s to increase brand awareness or generate sales.
• A product is repeatedly advertised.
• In TV ads Products can be easily demonstrated.
• It gives you an opportunity to be creative and attach a personality to your business, which can be particularly effective for small businesses that rely on repeat customers.

The correct answer is 25 fps 625 lines per frame

Key PointsPhase Alternating Line (PAL)

• Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a color encoding system for analog television.
• It was created in 1961 in the United Kingdom. 
• A PAL picture is made up of 625 interlaced lines and is displayed at a rate of 25 frames per second.
• PAL is used in broadcast television systems in many countries and is one of the three major broadcast standards, along with the NTSC and SECAM systems.
• Compared to NTSC, PAL has a more detailed picture due to the higher number of scan lines. 
• However, PAL has a slower frame rate, resulting in motion not being as smooth, and saturation varies at times between frames.
   

Additional Information

NTSC

• It is an abbreviation for National Television Standards Committee.
• It originally developed the black & white and subsequently color television system that is used in the United States, Japan, and many other countries.
• An NTSC picture is made up of 525 interlaced lines and is displayed at a rate of 29.97 frames per second.

SECAM

• It is an abbreviation for Sequential Color and Memory.
• This video format is used in many Eastern countries such as the USSR, China, Pakistan, France, and a few others. 
• Like PAL, a SECAM picture is also made up of 625 interlaced lines and is displayed at a rate of 25 frames per second. 
• However, the way SECAM processes the color information, it is not compatible with the PAL video format standard.

The correct answer is People's meter

Key Points

• In 1980 a new measurement device was launched known as peoples meter.
• A people-meter is an electronic device that records when media are being used and who is using them.
• The People Meter is an electronic method of television measurement that moved from active and diary-based to passive and meter-monitored. 
• The meter also captured simultaneous viewing in real-time, eliminating memory bias.
• In their most common incarnation, people-meters are small boxes that attach to each television set in a sample household.
• They record when the set is on and what is being watched. 
• They also feature a set-top box with a series of lights that serve as prompts and person-specific buttons that allow individuals to indicate they are watching. 

Additional Information 

• In 1987, the A. C. Nielsen Company adopted people-meters as the standard method for measuring national television network audiences in the United States.

The correct answer is Only style

Key PointsNicholas Jenson

• Nicholas Jenson (1420 – 1480) was a French engraver, pioneer, printer, and type designer.
• Jenson served as Master of the Royal Mint of France in Tours and is recognized for designing one of the finest early Roman types.
• Jenson was a significant person in the creation of Venice as one of the first great centers of the printing press in the early history of printing.
• He created the first of Only style-type faces.
   

Additional Information

•  He created the first Roman typeface, based on Blackletter and Italian Humanist lettering.
• Jenson’s typeface was the first to be created based on typographic principles rather than manuscript models. 
• His Roman type is the basis for multiple modern fonts, including Centaur, created by Bruce Rogers in 1914, and Adobe Jenson, created by Robert Slimbach in 1996.

The correct answer is The Hindu

Key Points

• The Hindu Bridal Mantra was launched in 2011 in Chennai.
• Into its third year, the event has become an important date in Chennai’s social and shopping calendar.
• After three successful shows in Chennai and one each in Hyderabad and Singapore, The Hindu Bridal Mantra was launched in style with a five-sequence fashion show at Ritz Carlton in Dubai on February 26, 2014.
• It was presented by GRT jewelers and powered by RmKV.
   

Additional Information

• GRT Jewellers is the title sponsor of this edition of The Hindu Bridal Mantra, which will be powered by RmKV Silks. 
• Bridal Mantra has, over the years, showcased the works of top-notch designers including Ritu Kumar, Varun Bahl, Suhani Pittie, Anjali and Arjun Kapoor, Ecru, Raghavendra Rathore and Falguni and Shane Peacock. 
• Bridal Mantra made its debut in Singapore with a rocking show at St. James Power Station.

The correct answer is option 4

Key Points

The Indian Penal Code

• The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India.
• It is a comprehensive code that aims to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law.
• It came into force in 1862 in all British Presidencies, although it did not apply to the Princely states, which had their own courts and legal systems.
• The code was drafted on the recommendations of the first law commission of India established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833 under the chairmanship of Thomas Babington Macaulay.
• After the partition of the British Indian Empire, the Indian Penal Code was inherited by India and Pakistan.
• The code came into force on January 1st, 1860 after undergoing many revisions and amendments by Barnes Peacock, who would serve as the first Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court.
• The IPC in its various sections defines specific crimes and provides punishment for them.
• It is sub-divided into 23 chapters that comprise 511 sections.

The Press and Registration of Books Act

• The Metcalfe Act of 1835 was repealed by the Registration Act, of 1867. 
• According to the act, there will be no restrictions on the press and no regulations. 
• The name of the printer, publisher, and place of publication was now required to be included in the print media, and a copy had to be submitted to the government.
• Registration Act 1867 - Background
• During the reign of the British Government in India, the writing of books and other informative material took concrete form, and with the advent of printing presses, various books on almost all subjects and periodicals touching on every aspect of life began to appear.
• In India, it was determined that a system of compulsory sale to the government of three copies of each work was necessary.
• To that end, a bill was introduced in the Legislature to regulate printing presses and newspapers in order to preserve copies of books and periodicals containing news printed throughout India, as well as to register such books and periodicals containing news.
• Registration Act, 1867 - Features
• This act replaced the Metcalfe Act.
• Every book/newspaper had to include the printers and publisher's names, as well as the location of publication.
• Within one month of a book's publication, a copy was to be submitted to the local government.

The Indian Telegraph Act

• The Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 oversees the usage of wired and wireless telegraphy, telephones, teletype, radio communications, and digital data communications in India.
• The main object of the Telegraph Act was to give power to the Government to install telegraph lines on private as well as public property.
• It also authorizes government law enforcement agencies to monitor/intercept communications and tap phone lines under conditions defined within the Indian Constitution.
• The act came into force on 1 October 1885.

The Indian Post Office Act

• Indian Post Office Act, 1898 came into force on 1st July 1898.
• It extends to the whole of India and it applies also to all citizens of India outside India.
• The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare what packets may be sent by the inland post as book, pattern, and sample packets within the meaning of this Act.
• Indian Post Office Act, 1898 contains 11 Chapters.
• Section 4 – “Exclusive privilege of conveying letters reserved to the Government”.
• The expression “letters” includes Postcards.

The correct answer is Aldus Manutius

Key PointsAldus Pius Manutius

• He was an Italian humanist, scholar, educator, and the founder of the Aldine Press.
• Aldus Manutius contributed the first Greek and italic fonts to the publishing world.
• Aldus introduced his first complete italic typeface when he published a collection of the works of Virgil in 1501.
• He released the famous works of the ancient thinkers for the first time in their native Greek language through his printing enterprise.
• Among the greatest achievements of Aldus Manutius were the Aldine fonts.
• He was the first printer to develop an italic roman font. 
   

Additional Information

• The Aldine italic fonts were modeled from the handwriting of two Italian scribes, Pomponio Leto and Bartolomeo Sanvito, who were contemporaries of Aldus.
• Francesco Griffo, a Bolognese type cutter, built the Aldine fonts for Aldus.

The correct answer is Threshold

Key Points

• Galtung and Ruge identified an element of newsworthiness called Threshold.
• Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge both are Norwegian social scientists.

Galtung and Ruge’s list of news values:

Threshold

• The threshold is concerned with the impact of news-the bigger the impact the story has on people, the better the quality of news.
• For example, the more gruesome the murder or the more casualties in an accident, the better its chances of hitting the newsstands.

Frequency

• Events that suddenly occur are most newsworthy.
• For example, traffic jams, murders, and airline crash.
• This is because they fit well with a news producer’s schedule. 
• Events that unfold gradually, or at inconvenient times, are less likely to be reported.

Negativity

• The bad news is more exciting than good news.
• Stories about death, tragedy, and bankruptcy always rate higher than positive ones such as royal engagements or celebrations.
• So do stories about violence, damage, natural disasters, political upheaval, or simply extreme weather conditions.

Unexpectedness

• Journalists are likely to select an event that is out of the ordinary rather than an everyday occurrence.
•  As the New York Tribune and Sun editor, Charles A Dana famously put it, “If a dog bites a man, that’s not news. But if a man bites a dog, that is news”.

Unambiguity

• Events that are easy to grasp are more likely to become news.
• The more clearly an event can be understood, the greater its news value. 
• Stories with a complex background and depend on specialist knowledge tend to be ignored.

The correct answer is option 2.

Key Points

• Model of Mass Communication process - Maletzke.
  • Malletzke's concept of mass communication was first published in 1963 by German academic Malletzke in his book Psychology of Mass Communication.
  • It conceptually describes the communication activities between audience and disseminators during the mass communication process under the constraints of social-psychological elements.
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory - Festinger.
  • According to cognitive dissonance theory, when an individual's action contradicts his or her opinions and beliefs, underlying psychological tension is formed. This underlying tension then leads a person to adjust their attitude to achieve consistency in their thoughts and behaviours.
• Dependency Model of Mass Communication - Ball-Rokeach and Defleur.
  • ​Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur, two American communications experts, first proposed the Dependence Model of Mass Communication in 1976. The Dependence Model of Mass Communication is a method for studying the impacts of mass media on audiences and the interconnections between media, audiences, and social systems.
• ​Psychological model of television effect - Comstock.

• This model was created to describe how viewing television might affect a person's behaviour. The second factor that influences whether or not a person may replicate behaviour seen on television is "arousal."

The correct answer is a - 3, b - 4, c - 1, d - 2

Key PointsElizabeth Neumann

• Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (19 December 1916 – 25 March 2010) was a German political scientist.
• Her most famous contribution is the model of the spiral of silence.
• The spiral of silence theory is a political science and mass communication theory.
• It states that an individual's perception of the distribution of public opinion influences that individual's willingness to express their own political opinions.
• According to the spiral of silence theory, individuals will be more confident and outward with their opinion when they notice that their personal opinion is shared throughout a group.
• But if the individual notices that their opinion is unpopular with the group they will be more inclined to be reserved and remain silent.

Frank Dance

• Frank Dance is an American communication professor.
• In 1967, Frank Dance has proposed the communication model called Dance’s Helix Model for a better communication process. 
• He shows communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.
• Dance’s model emphasized the difficulty of communication.
• Frank Dance uses the form of a Helix to describe the communication process. 
• He developed this theory based on a simple helix that gets bigger and bigger as it moves or grows.
• The main characteristic of a helical model of communication is that it is evolutionary.

Y.V. Lakshmana Rao

• Laxman Rao (1963) suggested that communication was a prime mover in the development process.
• He selected two villages in India for his study:
• Kothooru- a village on the verge of modernization and Pathooru- a village isolated and steeped in traditional customs and beliefs.
• The new ideas were first available to the elite and then trickled down to others.
• The communication strategy urged in this paradigm used mainly interpersonal channels with support from mass mediaboth cosmopolitan and indigenous media.

Rosengren

• In order to make sense of this complicated situation, it helps to think of the two versions of media theory – centrifugal and centripetal 
• Freedom, diversity. This is the optimistic version of the tendency for media to have a fragmenting effect on society that can also be liberating.
• Integration, solidarity. This optimistic version of the reverse effect of mass communication as a unifier of society stresses the needs for a sense of identity

The correct answer is a - 4, b - 3, c - 2, d - 1

Key PointsDaniel Lerner

• Daniel Lerner (1917 - 1980) was an American scholar and writer known for his studies on modernization theory.
• In 1958, he wrote the seminal book The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. 
• Modernization is a term used to describe a collection of beliefs about the nature of modern societies and their potential to transform a society that is both materially and culturally lacking.
• Specifically, Modernisation theorists posited a sharp distinction between traditional (read poor) and modern societies.
• Daniel Lerner defined modernization as “the process of social change in which development is the economic component”.
• Modernization advocates expected that contact with vital modern societies would accelerate progress in stagnant traditional societies.

Ferdinand Tönnies

• Ferdinand Tönnies ( 26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist, economist, and philosopher. 
• He was a significant contributor to sociological theory and field studies.
• He is Best known for distinguishing between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Community and society).
• Gemeinschaft, often translated as ” community “, is a concept referring to individuals bound together by common norms, often because of shared physical space and shared beliefs.
• Gesellschaft, often translated as ” society “, refers to associations in which self-interest is the primary justification for membership.

Mahatma Gandhi

• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, is regarded as the Father of the Nation.
• Gandhi was a social reformist and leader of the Indian Independence Movement who introduced the idea of non-violent resistance called Satyagrah.
• Gandhi had a very clear perception of Indian villages.
• He believed India would have to live in villages, not in towns.
• He observed, “If the village perishes, India will perish too.” 
• Gandhiji's vision to make Indian villages prosperous is possible through rural-urban interdependence.

C.H. Cooley

• Charles Horton Cooley (August 17, 1864 – May 7, 1929) was an American sociologist and the son of Michigan Supreme Court Judge Thomas M. Cooley. 
• He is perhaps best known for his concept of the looking-glass self.
• Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley  suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: primary groups and secondary groups 
• According to Cooley, primary groups play the most critical role in our lives. 
• The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term, emotionally significant ways.
• The primary group is usually made up of significant others, those individuals who have the most impact on our socialization. 
• Secondary groups are often larger and impersonal. 
• They may also be task-focused and time-limited. 
• These groups serve an instrumental function rather than an expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal- or task-oriented than emotional.

The correct answer is the Management process

Key Points

• F. Rosario Braid is of the opinion that development communication is “a management process in the overall planning and of the implementation of development programs.
• Development communication
• Development communication is an important & integral aspect of mass communication which intense spreading the awareness on public issues to educate the people.
• The general role of development communication is to create the human environment the bring about the needed development.
• It is purposeful, goal-oriented, educational, and always related to some issues in order to achieve desired intended change.
• It can change the citizen's attitude toward development.
• Development communication aims to increase public understanding of the goal & activities of society increase public support for human service programs & influencing the decision of the governments & the policymakers.

Additional Information 

• Florangel Rosario-Braid is a Filipina writer, educator, and constitutionalist.
• She was a member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986.
• She authored works on communication, education, cooperatives, science and technology, NGOs, and human rights.

The correct answer is Information garbage

Key Points

• According to Herbert Schiller, the information acquired by the poor is "information garbage."
• In Schiller’s view, information can be treated either as a social good or as a privately produced commodity.
• As a social good, information is essential to the functioning and development of a healthy democracy. 
• Schiller argued that the increasing commercialization of information aggravated the already existing class inequalities in society.
   

Additional Information

• Herbert Irving Schiller (November 5, 1919 – January 29, 2000) was an American media critic, sociologist, author, and scholar.
• Schiller warned of two major trends in his prolific writings and speeches:
• The private takeover of public space and public institutions at home,
• and U.S. corporate domination of cultural life abroad, especially in the developing nations. 
• He was widely known for the term “packaged consciousness".
• That argues that American media is controlled by a few corporations that “create, process, refine and preside over the circulation of images and information which determines our beliefs, attitudes and ultimately our behavior.

The correct answer is Gaj Gamini

Key Points

• Gaja Gamini is a 2000 Indian film written and directed by M. F. Husain.
• The central figure of the film is represented by a mysterious figure called "Gaja Gamini" (Madhuri Dixit)
• "Gaja Gamini" is the inspiration behind Leonardo da Vinci's (Naseeruddin Shah) 'Mona Lisa, and Kalidas' poem "Shakuntala".
•  And a photojournalist named Shahrukh's (Shah Rukh Khan) photographs. 
• Thrown into this mix is a large black wall, separating two different periods, and confrontations between Science and Art at different points in history, showing that the world itself can change, but its original ideas will always be the same.
• The clashes between art and science also give rise to the notion that, while science insists on believing only what can be proven, art does not.
• Science uses the brain, while Art uses the brain and the heart.
   

Additional Information

• Maqbool Fida Husain (17 September 1915 – 9 June 2011)was an Indian artist known for executing bold, vibrantly colored narrative paintings in a modified Cubist style.
• He was one of the most celebrated and internationally recognized Indian artists of the 20th century.
• Husain became the best-paid painter in India, his highest-selling piece fetching $1.6 million at a 2008 Christie's auction.

Mixed media refers to a combination of two or more media on a single platform.

• Media Convergence: It simply refers to the merging of different types of media such as images, documents, audio, video, etc. on a single device. Example:  Smartphone that blends together various media, i.e. print media (e-books, news apps), broadcast media (streaming websites, radio, and music apps) into a single device that performs various functions from calling and texting to photography, videography, gaming and so much more.
• Media explosion: It refers to emerging or fast-growing media fields, such as social media apps, e-marketing, e-commerce and many more. Example: Due to COVID the e-commerce websites like Flipkart and Amazon are showing increasing demand.
• Media implosion: It refers to a declining media field, which has reduced usage. Example: Old image formats were. png but new image formats are .jpg.

Thus, mixing various media options on one device is called media convergence. 

The correct answer is ​Rang De Basanti

Key Points

• The film was released globally on 26 January 2006, the Republic Day of India.
• This movie is an apt example of showcasing history on modern topography.
• It is written, produced, and directed by Rakesh Omprakash Mehra.
• The film features an ensemble cast consisting of Aamir Khan, Siddharth, Atul Kulkarni, Soha Ali Khan, Sharman Joshi, Cyrus Sahukar, Kunal Kapoor, and British actress Alice Patten.
• Social influence of the Film:
• Rang De Basanti had a noticeable impact on Indian society.
• In public, intense political debates sparked by the film's influence were seen.
• A study revealed a significant increase in public anger towards government and politicians for constantly being mired in corruption and bureaucracy and their inefficiency in providing basic amenities.
• It not only sparked political debate and discussion, but it also sparked a social awakening in many people.
• Some debates centered on how citizens should support and contribute to non-governmental organizations, as well as how citizens should carry out basic citizen responsibilities such as paying taxes and voting.
• while the others thought about how to become more responsible towards the country.

The correct answer is Comedy

Key Points

• Comedy films are funny and entertaining.
• Comedy is a genre that places characters in amusing situations for the sake of humor. 
• Comedy is a story about common people with a happy ending.
• There are as many characteristics of comedy as there are strategies to make someone laugh.
• The use of language, which can range from everyday conversation to puns and wordplay, is a common feature of humor.
• There are dozens of subgenres in between from farce to dark comedy, from the comedy of manners to the sitcom.
• Mockumentary, dark comedy (or black comedy), romantic comedy, parody/spoof, and slapstick comedy are all examples of comedy subgenres.

The correct answer is ​Hanste Aansu

Key Points

• Hanste Aansu was the first Hindi film to get an A certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification.
• The reasons behind "A" certification were the film's double-meaning title (laughing tears).
• Hanste Aansoo was both a controversial and popular release.
• Hanste Aansoo was theatrically released in October 1950.
• It is a romantic comedy film directed by K. B. Lall and starring Madhubala and Motilal, with Gope and Manorama appearing in supporting roles.
• The music for the film is composed by Ghulam Mohammed.

The correct answer is ​Jamshedji Framji Madan

Key Points

• India’s first purpose-built cinema hall, Elphinstone Picture Palace in Kolkata, was established in 1907 by Jamshedji Framji Madan, a pioneer of Indian film production.
• This was not only the first of his chain of cinemas in British India but also the first permanent movie theatre in Calcutta.
• The Palace was later renamed Minerva and soon started screening Hollywood movies for the fast-emerging audience in Calcutta.
• The local authorities took over when business slacked during the 1970s due to political unrest and renovated and renamed it, Chaplin.

The correct answer is Film

Key Points

• The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in the field of cinema. Presented first in 1969
• It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organization set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
• The recipient is honored for their "outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema" and is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry.
• The award comprises a Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion, a shawl, and a cash prize of ₹1,000,000.
• The award is presented by the President of India in the presence of the Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, chairpersons of the juries.
• The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani.

The correct answer is Commercial sites.

Key Points

• A website (also written as web site) is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server.
• Examples of notable websites are Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Wikipedia.
• All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.
• There are also private websites that can only be accessed on a private network, such as a company's internal website for its employees.
• Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news, education, commerce, entertainment, or social networking. Hyperlinking between web pages guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page.
• Users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. The app used on these devices is called a web browser.
• The domain name .com is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Added in 1985, its name is derived from the word commercial, indicating its original intended purpose for domains registered by commercial organizations.
• Later, the domain opened for general purposes.

The correct answer is- Social media marketing.

Key Points   Social media marketing:

• "Social media marketing (SMM) is the technique of marketing a company's products and services using social media websites and social networks."
• The goal of social media marketing is to engage with your audience or customers and assist them in better understanding your company. It is really useful to the success of your company.
• Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining traffic or attention through social media sites. The phrase "social media" refers to a variety of websites that allow users to engage in a variety of social activities.

Important Points There are five key pillars of social media marketing, according to Buffer:

 1. Strategy:

• This step involves determining goals, the social media channels to be used, and the type of content that will be shared.

 2. Planning and Publishing:

• Companies should create plans for their content and choose when it will be published on the platform.

 3. Listening and Engagement:

• Keeping track of what users, customers, and others have to say about postings, brands, and other corporate assets. This could need the use of a social media interaction tool.

 4. Analytics and Reporting:

• Knowing how far your postings go on social media is important, thus engagement and reach reports are essential.

 5. Advertisements:

• Purchasing advertisements on social media is a terrific method to promote and grow a brand.

Hence, the correct answer is- The process of gaining website traffic or attention through social media sites is known as social media marketing.

• LTE stands for Long-Term Evolution. 
• LTE is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.
• It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies.

Advantages of LTE are as follows:

• LTE brought much better spectral efficiency to cellular networks. 
• To support high data rates for services such as voice over IP (VOIP), video conferencing, or even a high-speed cellular modem, LTE is an ideal technology. 
• LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), both schemes can be used on the same platform.​

VoLTE: 

• VoLTE is a technology update to the LTE protocol used by mobile phone networks.
• Under LTE, the infrastructure of telecom players only allows transmission of data while voice calls are routed to their older 2G or 3G networks.
• VoLTE always supports data and voice call services at the same time.
• Basically, VoLTE systems convert voice into the data stream, which is then transmitted using the data connection.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

Advertising Campaigns: 

• Every company or marketing communication firm approaches advertising uniquely.
• In small businesses, advertising is handled by sales or marketing executives or account managers who work with an advertising agency.
• A large corporation will frequently establish its own advertising department or employ an advertising agency to create its advertising campaigns.

Important Points

Mission of advertising :- The advertising mission explains what you aim to accomplish with that ad.

• ​Informing- Consumers are kept informed during the product development process. This is frequently done at the start to establish the product or service's brand.
• Prersuading- Persuading customers to choose a specific brand for their product.
• Reminding- Customers are reminded during the product's maturity stage. This is done to keep customers informed and to keep them thinking about the product.

The correct answer is Tweets.

Key Points

• Tweets are the messages or updates posted by users on Twitter.
• Twitter allows their users to read, like, and retweets the tweets of their likings.

Additional Information

• Parag Agrawal is currently the chief executive officer of Twitter.
• He replaces Jack Dorsey in November 2021.
• Jack Dorsey is the co-founder of Twitter.
• Twitter was founded on 21 March 2006 in the USA.

The correct answer is Four

Key Points

• Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. 
• Society declares these four principles as the foundation of ethical journalism and encourages their use in its practice by all people in all media.

Seek Truth and Report It

• Ethical journalism should be accurate and fair. Journalists should be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting, and interpreting information.
• Journalists should:
• Take responsibility for the accuracy of their work.
• Verify information before releasing it. Use original sources whenever possible.
• Remember that neither speed nor format excuses inaccuracy. 
• Provide context. Take special care not to misrepresent or oversimplify in promoting, previewing, or summarizing a story.
• Gather, update and correct information throughout the life of a news story. 
• Be cautious when making promises, but keep the promises they make. 
• Identify sources clearly. The public is entitled to as much information as possible to judge the reliability and motivations of sources. 

Minimize Harm

• Ethical journalism treats sources, subjects, colleagues, and members of the public as human beings deserving of respect.
• Journalists should:
• Balance the public’s need for information against potential harm or discomfort.
• Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance or undue intrusiveness.
• Show compassion for those who may be affected by news coverage.
• Use heightened sensitivity when dealing with juveniles, victims of sex crimes, and sources or subjects who are inexperienced or unable to give consent.
• Consider cultural differences in approach and treatment. 
• Recognize that legal access to information differs from an ethical justification to publish or broadcast.
• Realize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than public figures and others who seek power, influence, or attention.
• Weigh the consequences of publishing or broadcasting personal information.
• Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity, even if others do.

Act Independently

• The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public.
• Journalists should:
• Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived. Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
• Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel, and special treatment, and avoid political and other outside activities that may compromise integrity or impartiality, or may damage credibility. 
• Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; do not pay for access to news. Identify content provided by outside sources, whether paid or not. 
• Deny favored treatment to advertisers, donors or any other special interests, and resist internal and external pressure to influence coverage. 
• Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two. Prominently label sponsored content.

Be Accountable and Transparent

• Ethical journalism means taking responsibility for one’s work and explaining one’s decisions to the public.
• Journalists should:
• Explain ethical choices and processes to audiences. Encourage a civil dialogue with the public about journalistic practices, coverage and news content. 
• Respond quickly to questions about accuracy, clarity and fairness.
• Acknowledge mistakes and correct them promptly and prominently. Explain corrections and clarifications carefully and clearly. 
• Expose unethical conduct in journalism, including within their organizations.
• Abide by the same high standards they expect of others.

The correct answer is Podcast

Key Points

• A podcast is a program made available in digital format for download over the Internet.
• There also exist podcast search engines, which help users find and share podcast episodes.
• A podcast series typically has one or more recurrent hosts talking about a specific subject or current event.
• Discussion and content within a podcast can range from carefully scripted to completely improvised.
• Podcasts mix complex and creative sound design with themes that range from cutting-edge science to slice-of-life journalism.
• Most Podcasts today are audio-only, even though video podcasts do exist.
• The cost to the consumer is low, with many podcasts free to download.
• Some are underwritten by corporations or sponsored, with the inclusion of commercial advertisements.
• In other cases, a podcast could be a business venture supported by some combination of a paid subscription model, advertising, or a product delivered after sale.

The correct answer is Telecom Regulatory Authority of India(TRAI)

Key Points

• Journalistic ethics are basically a set of principles, standards, guidelines, and codes of conduct prepared for professional journalists. 
• It deals with the conduct, character, and behavior of a journalist and how she works before, during, and after the news gathering and dissemination process. 

The Press Council of India (PCI): 

• A statutory and quasi-judicial body was established by an Act of Parliament.
• It functions as a "watchdog of the press, for the press and by the press".
• Its two broad objectives are safeguarding the freedom of the press and to improve its quality and standards.
• It works on the premise of self-regulation of print media but has no punitive powers.
• It can only censure, warn or ask newspapers to issue apologies and corrections.
• It has also put out a detailed "Norms of Journalistic Conduct" which it expects journalists and newspapers to follow with utmost care and diligence.

News Broadcasting Standard Authority (NBSA):

• It is a non-governmental body, it oversees the news channels.
• It has issued a "Code of Ethics and Broadcasting Standards" for its member news channels who had voluntarily pledged to follow it.
• Like the PCI, the NBSA too is headed by a retired Supreme Court judge and its other members comprise well-known people belonging to civil society and editors of TV news channels.
• It receives complaints of violation of technical norms against member TV news channels and decides after hearing all the sides.
• Additionally, it has the power of imposing a fine that can go up to Rs. one lakh against an errant channel.

Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995:

• Apart from the NBSA, the news channels are also regulated by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995.
• Which contains a "program code" and an "advertising code"' to which news channels have to adhere.
• Their adherence to this code is, in fact, one of the pre-conditions for obtaining the license for a news channel.
• The I&B Ministry, on some rare occasions, for violation of "program code has taken strict action against errant channels while on others has issued advisories to the news channels.

The correct answer is SaaS

Key Points

• Online meetings or web conferencing is an example of SaaS.
• Software as a Service (SaaS) is a product circulation model in which an outsider supplier has applications and makes them accessible to clients over the Internet.
• SaaS is one of the three principle classifications of distributed or cloud computing, other are the infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS).
• SaaS expels the requirement for associations to introduce and run applications all alone on PCs or in their own service centers.
• This kills the cost of equipment securing, provisioning, and maintenance, in addition to programming authorizing, establishment and support.
• SaaS is firmly identified with the ASP (application specialist provider) and on-demand computing software delivery models.

The correct answer is Internet 

Key PointsVoice Over Internet Protocol(VOIP)

• Voice Over Internet Protocol allows a person to make a phone call using a broadband internet connection rather than the typical analog lines.
• VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol) is the transmission of voice and multimedia content over an internet connection.
• VoIP allows users to make voice calls from a computer, smartphone, other mobile devices, special VoIP phones, and WebRTC-enabled browsers.
• VoIP is a technology useful for both consumers and businesses, as it typically includes other features that can't be found on common phone services. 
• These features can include call recording, custom caller ID, or voicemail to e-mail.
• It is also helpful to organizations as a way to unify communications.
• The process works similarly to a regular phone, but VoIP uses an internet connection instead of a telephone company's wiring.
• VoIP is enabled by a group of technologies and methodologies used to deliver voice communications over the internet, including enterprise local area networks or wide area networks.
• A VoIP service will convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data, then send that data through the internet.
•  If another user is calling from a regular phone number, the signal is converted back to a telephone signal before it reaches that user.

The correct answer is Telegram

Key Points

• The Information and Broadcasting Ministry launched its account on 14 Sep 2021 on the social media platform Telegram to counter fake news.
• It was launched as 'PIB Fact Check'.
• which is one of the few government entities to have a telegram channel, and aims to verify information related to the Centre and disseminate it to its subscribers.
• Earlier, fake channels were being run on Telegram in the name of a fact check.
• PIB, along with telegram, got these fraudulent channels removed.
• PIB Fact Check is the only central government fact-checking arm, which was established in November 2019.
   

Additional Information

• Founded March 2013
• Founder(s) Nikolai Durov, Pavel Durov
• CEO Pavel Durov

The correct answer is Cell Phones

Key PointsNew media

• There is a new phase in advertising with the coming of the internet and the popularity of cell phones.
• Computers and cell phones are becoming cheaper and more accessible.
• These are the new platforms of advertising for the 21st century.
• Example- Internet websites, CDs and DVDs of films and music, Cell Phones, etc.
   

Additional InformationThe different forms of advertisements are found in the media.

Print

• This is one of the most popular forms of advertising.
• Print ads can have many forms - newspapers and magazine ads, bills, wall posters, banners, and calendars.
• The rise of print advertising is linked to the rise of the newspaper industry.
• The installation and success of the first linotype printing machine by the Statesman in Calcutta in 1907 proved to be a great impetus to the industry.

Electronic

• Electronic ads are usually more vibrant.
• They can be heard on the radio and seen on television.
• The rise of the television industry was a great impetus to the advertising industry so much so that people often find ads more interesting than television programs.
• Electronic ads can also be displayed as text and images on big monitors and light boards.
• In big cities and metros, there are many text boards on traffic signals.
• These ads target people while they are waiting for the light to turn green!

The correct answer is Institutional Advertising

Key PointsInstitutional Advertising

• These ads are directed at creating a good public image of a company.
• The ads focus on the organization’s work in areas of research, development, and quality control.
• Often the ads concentrate on the social work done by the company through its sponsorship of educational, cultural, and sports events.
• The purpose of these ads is to sell a positive image of the company rather than a product manufactured by the company.
• The TATA Steel ads in the 1980s with the tag line – ‘Ispat Bhi hum banate hai or` we also make steel’, is a good example of institutional advertising.
   

Additional Information Importance of Institutional Advertising

• Institutional advertising is crucial for a company's branding or perception because the company image is what draws consumers in and retains their loyalty.
• Institutional advertising focuses on promoting the company's image to improve its reputation in the customer base.
• The primary objective of institutional advertising is to generate and propagate a positive image and generate goodwill regarding the company or industry, as opposed to promoting sales.
• Institutional advertising does not focus on selling anything such as a product and instead focuses and selling itself.

The correct answer is ​Persuasion

Key Points

• Jagdish N Sheth in an article published in the Journal of Advertising has suggested a broader framework for advertising functions.

He described the functions as follows:

Precipitation: 

• Advertisement performs the function by stimulating needs and wants and creating general awareness.
• It primarily focuses on what the product or services can do, offer, or provide.

Persuasion:

• Comparative advertising generates persuasion. 
• The consumer knows about the product or service and that often leads consumers to purchase the product Persuasion may be through different appeals like love, fear, shame, humor, etc.

Reinforcement:  

• Advertisements reassure consumers that they have made a wise decision by buying a product or service.
• This generates a good feeling and serves the function of reinforcement.

Reminder:

• An effort is made through advertisements to keep the com­pany or brand name always fresh in the memory of the target audience.

The correct answer is Targeted advertising

Key Points

• Targeted advertising is a type of Internet advertising that delivers promotional messages to a customer according to their specific traits, interests, and preferences.
• Brands get this information by tracking consumer profiles and activity on the Internet.
• More than half of the global population uses the Internet every day.
• People look for products and services using search engines, browse social networks, visit online stores, and so on.
• Brands employ different marketing channels to make the most of these activities. 

Targeted advertising has a ton of advantages compared to other ways of promoting a business online.

• Hitting the right audience: Over 50% of prospective customers turn out to be a mismatch for businesses.
• Targeted advertising allows brands to interact with prospects who are most interested in their products.
• It increases the chances of selling to a particular buyer.
• Advanced personalization: Personalization is crucial for online marketing, and targeted advertising lets you take it to the next level.
• Knowing your audience's traits, interests, and behavior, you can offer them the most suitable products or services.
• Lower cost: Compared to traditional offline advertising or complex online strategies, such as content marketing, targeted advertising is cheaper.
• Better yet, using this marketing channel, you never go over budget; as soon as you reach the limit, an advertising platform stops showing your ad.
• Instant results: Most online marketing strategies require a long time to reach your goals.
• For instance, SEO brings desirable outcomes after six months or more. In contrast, targeted advertising is a great way to acquire customers here and now.
• Higher ROI: Showing relevant offers to your audience, you get higher conversion rates, improved sales, and boosts revenue.
• Meanwhile, sophisticated targeting on advertising platforms lets you reduce the price for a click.
• As a result, you get a better return on investment.
• In-depth analytics: Most advertising platforms show your campaign’s performance in real-time, provide advanced analytics, and let you make timely changes to achieve better results.
• Re-engagement: First-time website visitors or ad viewers rarely convert into buyers.
• You can set up targeted ads to re-engage these potential customers with your brand over and over again.
• It helps prospects move down the pipeline towards making their purchase.

The correct answer is Technical details of the advertising

Key Points

• A spec sheet should provide an advertiser with all the technical details of the advertising options on your site.
• It should convey what can and cannot be accepted from your ad partners, so that they deliver to you ads that can easily be installed and activated on your site.
• Without a complete and accurate spec sheet, the process of delivering and starting campaigns often becomes chaotic. 
• Creating a proper spec sheet is part of optimizing any online property that monetizes through display advertising.

Location

• There’s really no standard way to describe the location of an ad; as long as the position on the page is clear, you’re set here.
• Some examples of how to phrase this part of the spec sheet can include:
• Above the Fold
• Below the Fold
• Top Center
• Bottom Left

Dimensions

• This part of the spec sheet is pretty basic; you’ll need to indicate the size of your ad units.
• This is usually expressed in pixels using a “length x width” format.
• For some more unique ad options, you might use “Custom” to indicate that further discussion around the size and style of the unit is needed.

Expanded Dimensions

• If your site allows ad units to expand beyond the traditional dimensions, you’ll need to provide specifics.

Default Settings: 

• If you are able to host expanding ads, we’d suggest indicating the following dimensions for standard ad units:
• 728×90: Expands to 728×310
• 300×250: Expands to 600×250
• 160×600: Expands to 480×600
• 300×600: Expands to 600×600
• If expansion is not an option for an ad unit, simply note “n/a” in this field.

Maximum File Size

• This field should be pretty straightforward: it describes how big the file the advertiser provides is allowed to be.
• Because larger files take longer to load, you’ll want to avoid trying to serve up huge files that can slow down the site.
• This is undesirable to both the publisher and the advertiser, as the overall user experience and the visibility of the ad both decline.

The correct answer is Demarketing the product

Key PointsThe following are the steps involved in the process of advertising:

• Briefing: the advertiser needs to brief about the product or the service which has to be advertised and doing the SWOT analysis of the company and the product.
• Knowing the Objective: one should first know the objective or the purpose of advertising. i.e. what message is to be delivered to the audience?
• Research: this step involves finding out the market behavior, knowing the competitors, what type of advertising they are using, what is the response of the consumers, availability of the resources needed in the process, etc.
• Target Audience: the next step is to identify the target consumers most likely to buy the product.
• The target should be appropriately identified without any confusion.
• For e.g. if the product is a health drink for growing kids, then the target customers will be the parents who are going to buy it and not the kids who are going to drink it.
• Media Selection: now that the target audience is identified, one should select an appropriate media for advertising so that the customers who are to be informed about the product and are willing to buy are successfully reached.
• Setting the Budget: then the advertising budget has to be planned so that there is no short of funds or excess of funds during the process of advertising and also there are no losses to the company.
• Designing and Creating the Ad: first the design that is the outline of ad on papers is made by the copywriters of the agency, then the actual creation of ad is done with help of the art directors and the creative personnel of the agency.
• Perfection: then the created ad is re-examined and the ad is redefined to make it perfect to enter the market.
• Place and Time of Ad: the next step is to decide where and when the ad will be shown.
• The place will be decided according to the target customers where the ad is most visible clearly to them.
• The finalization of time on which the ad will be telecasted or shown on the selected media will be done by the traffic department of the agency.
• Execution: finally the advertise is released with perfect creation, perfect placement and perfect timing in the market.
• Performance: the last step is to judge the performance of the ad in terms of the response from the customers.
• Whether they are satisfied with the ad and the product, did the ad reached all the targeted people, was the advertise capable enough to compete with the other players, etc. Every point is studied properly and changes are made, if any.

The correct answer is All of the above

Key Points

• Social Media netiquette is a code aimed to maintain manners on the Internet.
• The netiquette definition covers all facets of the online world, including email, messengers, social media, multiplayer gaming, and other types of online communication.
• The general idea behind netiquette rules is to respect others online. 
• For example, you shouldn’t share personal information, photos, or videos that another person wouldn’t want to be published. 

Here are a few reasons:

• Prevents reputational damage – Your audience will see your brand as a respectable, professional business that knows how to handle social media.
• Gives your staff clear guidelines – Your team will be informed on what conduct is expected from them online: for posting content, interacting with users, or defending your organization.
• Attracts followers and brand advocates – People are more likely to follow and support a company with a carefully crafted social reputation.
• Protects against legal and security issues – Rules of netiquette aren’t only about being polite.
• They also help businesses stay compliant with privacy and copyright laws.

The correct answer is Corruption

Key Points

• Cybercrime is criminal activity that either targets or uses a computer, a computer network or a networked device.
• Most, but not all, cybercrime is committed by cybercriminals or hackers who want to make money. 
• Cybercrime is carried out by individuals or organizations.
• Here are some specific examples of the different types of cybercrime:

Phishing

• Phishing is an attack that attempts to steal your money, or your identity, by getting you to reveal personal information such as credit card numbers, bank information, or passwords -- on websites that pretend to be legitimate. 
• Phishing campaign messages may contain infected attachments or  links to malicious sites.
• Or they may ask the receiver to respond with confidential information.
• Another type of phishing campaign is known as spear-phishing.
• These are targeted phishing campaigns which try to trick specific individuals into jeopardizing the security of the organization they work for. 

Cyber Extortion

• Cyber extortion is a crime where someone holds your data hostage till your company pays the ransom. 
• Cybercriminals gain access to your computers and steal confidential data. 
• They often gain this access by sending suspicious emails containing malware—malicious software—that hijacks your computer.
• They can resort to blackmail, denial of service, locking you out of your system, and more.
• In July 2021, the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) faced a ransom demand of US$50 million in return for the company’s leaked data. This is known as cyber extortion. 

Data breach

• Data breaches can happen by accident or intentionally.
• Poor technological firewalls and reckless employee behavior can result in a data breach.
• Often, hackers use phishing emails and malware to steal sensitive and confidential information, resulting in a data breach.
• In 2021, data breach costs rose from US$3.86 million to US$4.24 million. 
• An IBM report revealed that that’s the highest average total cost in 17 years. 
• Compromised credentials were the major cause of data breaches.

The correct answer is ​It has created communication a lot of touchable

Key PointsPOSITIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA

It has created communication a lot of touchable: 

• With the assistance of this platform, communication has become convenient.
• Anyone can contact person or businesses which was not possible earlier.
• We can send message to anyone and share our ideas with each other.
• If the person is using such platforms, anyone can easily contact them.
• Years ago it is not possible at all.

E-commerce:

• Social media permits communication for not solely one’s personal life however for businesses also.
• E-trading is becoming the most important area for shopping on-line that not only helps consumers to buy however sellers to create business opportunities.
• Businesses have developed due to online advt or media sites; as a result they get the word out faster and quicker.
• Individuals started buying and selling their products online as it is a quicker way and nobody have to search them in markets.
• Examples of online shopping sites are Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal etc.

It has created Education more easier:

• Currently, People who are busy don’t have enough time to watch news or read newspapers, so they use to surf the web for such details.
• Also, During this pandemic period, education remained continued just because help of applications like Microsoft Teams, Zoom etc.

Social media provides endless opportunities: 

• Social media provides several tremendous opportunities, websites like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and a few others, provides a chance to showcase ourselves, our skills like singing, stand-ups photography etc.
• This gave us a chance to showcase our skills on tese platforms and become after just sharing their talent and skills on such platforms.

The correct answer is ​Instagram

Key Points

• Instagram has announced the launch of ‘Take a Break’ in all countries, including India, to empower people to make informed decisions about the way they are spending their time.
• This feature will be promoted in India through a campaign, in partnership with ‘We The Young ’, called ‘Break Zaroori Hai’.
• ‘Take a Break’ was first launched in the US, UK, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, and it is now available for everyone globally.
• Take a Break’ is a feature that will show up for people, as they have been scrolling for a certain amount of time.
• They will be asked to take a break from Instagram and suggest that they set reminders to take more breaks in the future.
• They will also be shown expert-backed tips to help them reflect and reset.
• To make sure that young people are aware of this feature, they will be shown notifications suggesting they turn these reminders on.
• The ‘Take a Break’ reminders build on Instagram’s existing time management tools including Daily Limit,
• which lets people know when they’ve reached the total amount of time they want to spend on Instagram each day.
   

Additional Information

• Instagram launched: 6 October 2010;
• Instagram Owner: Meta;
• Instagram Founder Kevin Systrom.

The correct answer is Radio Access Network

Key PointsRadio access network (RAN)

• A radio access network (RAN) is a major component of a wireless telecommunications system that connects individual devices to other parts of a network through a radio link. 
• The RAN links user equipment, such as a cellphone, computer or any remotely controlled machine, over a fiber or wireless backhaul connection. 
• The RAN, which is sometimes also called the access network, is the radio element of the cellular network. 
• A cellular network is made up of land areas called cells.
• A cell is served by at least one radio transceiver, although the standard is typically three for cell sites.
• RANs have evolved from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networking. 
• RAN components include base stations and antennas that cover a specific region, depending on their capacity.
• Silicon chips in both the core network and the user equipment provide RAN functionality.

A RAN is made up of three essential elements:

• 1 Antennas convert electrical signals into radio waves.
• 2 Radios transform digital information into signals that can be sent wirelessly and ensure that transmissions are in the correct frequency bands with the right power levels.
• 3 Baseband units (BBUs) provide a set of signal processing functions that make wireless communication possible.
• Traditional baseband uses custom electronics combined with multiple lines of code to enable wireless communication, typically using the licensed radio spectrum.
• BBU processing detects errors, secures the wireless signal and ensures that wireless resources are used effectively.

The correct answer is Three

Key Points

• Radio formats are classified into three parts – spoken word, music, and sound effects.
• The spoken word can be announcements, radio talk, radio interviews, radio discussions, commentaries, and news.
• Radio announcements try to inform certain messages to the listeners such as about the station and its frequency etc.
• Radio talks are one of the oldest formats of the radio.
• They are usually of a short duration type.
• The radio interviews may vary from 10 to 60 minutes.
• Most of the interviews are based on personality.
• At times, debate or a public opinion is also carried out during the radio interviews.
• Radio discussions are usually carried out when there is a social, political, or economic issue.
• Running commentaries on a radio can be regarding any events such as the Republic day or any sports activities.
• Today, radio news has become widely popular among listeners.
• The duration of the bulletins varies from 10 to 30 minutes.
• The concept of music is used in different styles on the radio.
• They include tunes, and jingles and are also used as an effect in radio plays and features.
• Most of the music played on the radio is classical music, Hindi film songs, and light Western and pop music.
• Sound plays an important role to attract listeners. It can also be used for supporting the various moods or genres.

The correct answer is to preach racial equality

Key Points

• Melodrama is a dramatic work in which the characters, events, and plot are sensationalized in order to evoke intense emotional responses from the audience.
• In literature, theatre, and cinema, Melodramas are focused on exaggerated plots rather than characterization.
• Melodrama characters are often given stereotypical roles.
• Conflicts are frequently sensationalized to highlight characters' over-the-top feelings and performances.
• The term “melodrama” originated from a combination of the Greek Melos meaning “melody” or “song” and the French word "drame" meaning “drama.”
• Melodramas were originally theatrical stage plays combining music and dialogue. 

The correct answer is ​Slapstick comedy

Key Points

• Slapstick is a type of humor that goes beyond the bounds of regular physical comedy and involves excessive physical activity.
• Slapstick comedy is a result of deliberate or unintentional physical tricks performed using tools or just the human body.
• Slapstick comedy techniques can cause aggression, astonishment, agony, confusion, or just plain turmoil, usually in a humorous setting.
• The spectrum of slapstick comedy can be quite wide.
• Slapstick comedy is NOT humor derived from dialogue, sound effects, or non-physical visuals.
• The silent film era was dominated by slapstick comedy movies.
• Though Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton were the two biggest slapstick stars of the silent film era.
• They were far from being the only ones.

Some Slapstick Icons:

• Charlie Chaplin
• Buster Keaton
• Harold Lloyd
• The Three Stooges
• Jacques Tati
• Jerry Lewis
• Woody Allen
• Mel Brooks
• Jackie Chan
• Jim Carrey

The correct answer is Broadcast

Key Points

• Broadcast is used to refer to a T.V. or radio program that is widely transmitted.
• Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium.
• The act of broadcasting is the one-to-many transmission of audio or video content to a dispersed audience using any electronic mass communication medium, though frequently one that makes use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Radio and television are frequently associated with broadcasting, and recently, cable television has started to carry both radio and television signals.
• The notion is that anyone having the required receiving technology and equipment (for example, a radio or television set) can receive the signal.
• The receiving party can be the entire public or a very small section.
• Since the 2010s, transmissions of television and radio programs over internet streaming digital platforms are referred to as broadcasting.
   

Additional Information

•  The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about.
• It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials or by telegraph.
• Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as "over the air" (OTA) or terrestrial broadcasting