Business Studies Test - 29

Principles of Management and Principles of Pure Science are different in the following ways:

(i) Principles of management are not as rigid as Principles of pure sciences.

(ii) Principles of management deal with human behaviour and cannot be tested in laboratories like the principles of pure science.

(iii) Principles of management are general guidelines whereas Principles of pure sciences are specific.

During the organizing process, managers coordinate employees, resources, policies, and procedures to facilitate the goals identified in the plan. Organizing is highly complex and often involves a systematic review of human resources, finances, and priorities.

Organizing is a very broad term, it actually a very complex term and often misinterpreted.

Time study is work derived by Frederick Winslow Taylor. In this method by using a device to check time, continuous observation is done for the task given. Such observations are then used to either increase or decrease the efficiency the worker.

Esprit de Corps This means team spirit. Since "union is strength", the management should create team spirit among the employees. Only when all the personnel pull together as a team, there is scope for realising the objectives of the concern. Harmony and unity among the staff are a great source of strength to the undertaking. To achieve this. Fayol suggested two things. One. the motto of divide and rule should be avoided, and two, verbal communication should be used for removing misunderstandings. Differences grow more bitter when cleared through written communication.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). Taylor summed up his efficiency techniques in his 1911 book The Principles of Scientific Management, which in 2001 Fellows of the Academy of Management voted the most influential management book of the twentieth century. His pioneering work in applying engineering principles to the work done on the factory floor was instrumental in the creation and development of the branch of engineering that is now known as industrial engineering. Taylor made his name in, and was most proud of his work in, scientific management; however, he made his fortune patenting steel-process improvements. Taylor was also an athlete who competed nationally in tennis and golf.

The technique of scientific management that is the extension of ‘principle of division of work and specialisation’ is ‘Functional Foremanship’. Like Fayols ‘Principle of management and specialisation’, F.W.Taylor felt that it was not possible  to get in one man ‘the combination of brain, education, technical skill and other qualities necessary to handle all the requirements of an operating job’. He advocated functional foremanship to supervise workers.

Taylor paid importance to division of work in such a way that every person is utilised to hi full potential for this he divided the lower level into two parts

1. The ones who will lay stress on plans prepared by top level...and decide its validity and implementation on ground level

2. The ones who will execute the plans on ground level

FW Taylor conducted a number of experiments in various areas of production.Time study It refers to determining the standard time required to complete a particular activity.

Motion study This is the analysis of physical movements in doing a work.Method study It refers to identify the most suitable way to do a particular activity.Fatigue study Study of the nature of work to determine the standard time for finishing the job and to find out when the workers need rest.

All these techniques and studies are concerned with F.W.Taylor

F.W Taylor is the father of scientific management. F. W Taylor was born in USA. He was primarily considered about the efficiency of workers and optimum utilisation of resources. Taylor published books and research papers explaining his scientific view on industrial organisation and management. Taylor set out scientific studies and techniques. Taylor was publishing of "shop management", "price rate system ",and" principles of scientific management ".

• A (Marketing Concept): The marketing concept focuses on understanding and satisfying customers' needs to generate profits, aligning with the firm's goals.
• B (Selling Concept): Emphasizes the need for aggressive selling and promotion, assuming customers need to be persuaded to buy the product.
• C (Production Concept): Focuses on production efficiency, where firms maximize profits through large-scale production and reducing costs.
• D (Societal Marketing Concept): It integrates customer satisfaction and considers the well-being of society, focusing on long-term societal welfare.