Chemistry Test - 23

Explanation-

Alizarin-

• Alizarin is an organic compound whose chemical formula is C₁₄H₈O₄ (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone), Mordant red 11 that has been used throughout history as a prominent red dye, especially for dyeing textile fabrics.
• Initially, it was derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus.
• The word Alizarin is the most common term for the dye that has deep red color but it is also used for the several non-red dyes such as Alizarin Cyanine Green and Alizarin Brilliant blue.
• The most important use of alizarin in modern times is as a staining agent in biological research because it stains free calcium and certain calcium compounds.
• Alizarin continues to be used commercially as a red textile dye but to a lesser extent than in the past.
• A mordant dye is a substance which is used to set or bind dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye that gets attached to the fabric.
• Alizarin printing is one of the most practised techniques of hand block printing in India. In printing, alizarin is used in the dyeing process.
• So it is not used in Painting.

Explanation-

Fluorescin-

• Fluorescein is an organic compound and dye. It is available as a dark orange/red powder slightly soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications.
• The color of its aqueous solutions is green by reflection and orange by transmission, as can be noticed in bubble levels, for example, in which fluorescein is added as a colorant to the alcohol filling the tube in order to increase the visibility of the air bubble contained within (thus enhancing the precision of the instrument).
• More concentrated solutions of fluorescein can even appear red.

Structure of Fluorescein is 

 .

Fluorescin is obtained by the reactions of Phthalic anhydride and resorcinol.

Explanation-

Esters-

• Esters are the group of chemical compounds which are formed by bonding an alcohol group with a group of organic acids, by losing water molecules.
• Methyl salicylate is commonly known as 'aspirin' and used as an analgesic.
• Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or wintergreen oil) is an organic compound with the formula C₈H₈O₃.
• It is the methyl ester of salicylic acid. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet, fruity odor reminiscent of root beer, but often associatively called "minty", as it is an ingredient in mint candies. 
• It is produced by many species of plants, particularly wintergreens. It is also produced synthetically, used as a fragrance and as a flavoring agent.

Explanation-

Chloramphenicol-

• Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
• It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
• This includes use as an eye ointment to treat conjunctivitis. By mouth or by injection into a vein, it is used to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever. 
• Its use by mouth or by injection is only recommended when safer antibiotics cannot be used.
• Monitoring both blood levels of the medication and blood cell levels every two days is recommended during treatment.

The structure of it is

 .

Explanation-

Enzyme inhibitors-

• Inhibitors that do not contribute to the development of the product carry out the inhibition.
• The inhibitors can impact both the substrate and the enzyme. The stoppage of enzyme activity is referred to as enzyme inhibition.
• These enzyme inhibitors can attach to active areas and halt or inhibit further activity. This form of binding can be both reversible and irreversible.

• There are three types of enzyme inhibition reactions-

  • Competitive Inhibition

  • Non-competitive Inhibition

  • Uncompetitive Inhibition

• Enzyme inhibitors bind reversibly and irreversibly. They bind reversibly with non-covalent bonds, whereas, they bind irreversibly with covalent bonds where they change the key amino acid residues needed for enzymatic activity.

So statement 3 is not true about enzyme inhibitors.

Explanation-

Ibuprofen-

• Ibuprofen is used to relieve pain from various conditions such as headache, dental pain, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, or arthritis.
• It is also used to reduce fever and to relieve minor aches and pain due to the common cold or flu. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
• It works by blocking your body's production of certain natural substances that cause inflammation. 

The structure of it is

  .

• Ibuprofen contains only S -enantiomer.

Explanation-

The given compound is Aspirin. It is used as an Analgesic.

Analgesic-

• Analgesics are the class of drugs that are used medically by patients to relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness.
• Analgesic drugs work on the peripheral and central nervous systems. An analgesic is a pain-reducing or relieving remedy.
• This especially extends to pain relief medications, such as acetaminophen.
• Drugs classified as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), such as ibuprofen, are also used in analgesics.

Explanation:

Antibiotics-

• Antibiotics are substances that in low concentration inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms by intervening in their metabolic processes.
• Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs obtained from other organisms (such as moulds, fungus, and some soil bacteria) to combat harmful microorganisms.
• However, they are not very useful against certain microbes such as viruses.

• Based on how they work on stopping the infection of the bacteria, they can again be classified as:

  • Bactericidal

    They kill the bacteria present in the body which causes disease.
    For e.g.:- Penicillin and polymyxin, aminoglycosides, ofloxacin, etc.

  • Bacteriostatic

    The medicines which are used to inhibit the growth of microbes are known as bacteriostatic.
    For e.g.:- Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol.

So the correct pair of bactericidal antibiotics is Ofloxacin and Penicillin.

Explanation-

Carbylamine test:

• This test is used for the detection of primary amines in the compound.
• If the primary amine i.e. amine group attached to 1^∘ carbon, is present in the compound then it will give a positive carbylamine test.
• In this reaction when amines (which contain primary amine groups) do the reaction with chloroform in presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide then carbonyl amines are formed.
• This test is not given by secondary or tertiary amines. So this is used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

Sodium hydrogen carbonate test:

• This test is used to distinguish between carboxylic acid and phenol.
• In this reaction when the compound is allowed to react with sodium bicarbonate if we get carbon dioxide as a product then it confirms the presence of carboxylic acid if not then it confirms the presence of phenol.

Ferric chloride test:

• This test is used to determine the presence of phenol in a compound.
• In this test first, add water or a mixture of water and alcohol to the compound and then add a few amounts of dilute ferric chloride to the solution then after reaction, we get a red, blue, green, or purple color then which confirms the presence of phenol group in the compound if not then no phenol group will be there.

Baeyer's test:

• This test is used to determine the alkene i.e. presence of carbon-carbon double bond and alkyne i.e. carbon-carbon triple bond In the given molecule.
• In this test we add alkaline potassium permanganate (which is a pink color solution) to the molecule if we get a colorless solution after the reaction then it confirms the presence of alkene or alkyne group in the compound.

Given data and Analysis-

• The compound Chloroxylenol is para chloro meta xylenol which has a phenol group in the structure.
• Norethindrone contains an alkyne group i.e. unsaturation compounds.
• Sulphapyridine contains one primary amine group. And
• penicillin contains carboxylic acid groups.

So the test is: Chloroxylenol will give a positive ferric chloride test. Norethindrone will give Baeyer's test. Sulphapyridine will give a positive carbylamine test and penicillin will give a positive sodium hydrogen carbonate test.

So the correct answer is option 3.

Explanation:

Antiseptic-

• An antiseptic is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms.
• They’re frequently used in hospitals and other medical settings to reduce the risk of infection during surgery and other procedures.
• The compound which is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties is Bithional.

​Bithional-

• It is an aromatic compound that contains sulfur as a bridging atom between two benzene rings.
• It acts as an antibacterial and anthelmintic (anti-parasitic drug) in the case of animals to cure tapeworms and liver flukes.
• It is also used in soaps due to its antiseptic properties.

The structure is:

  .